Molecular Adsorption-Induced Interfacial Solvation Regulation to Stabilize Graphite Anode in Ethylene Carbonate-Free Electrolytes

Many organic solvents have excellent solution properties, but fail to serve as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) electrolyte solvents, due to their electrochemical incompatibility with graphite anodes. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to address this issue by introducing a surface-adsorbed molecular layer to regulate the interfacial solvation structure without the alteration of electrolyte composition and properties. As a proof-of-concept study, it is demonstrated for the first time that the intrinsically incompatible propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte becomes completely compatible with graphite anodes by introducing a layer of adsorbed hexafluorobenzene (HFB) molecules to weaken the Li⁺-PC coordination strength and facilitate the interfacial desolvation process. As a consequence, the graphite/ NCM811 pouch cells using the PC-based electrolyte containing only 1 vol.% HFB demonstrate excellent long-term cycling stabilities over 1150 cycles. This strategy is also proved to be applicable to other ethylene carbonate (EC)–free electrolytes, thus providing a new avenue for developing advanced LIB electrolytes.     

径向高温超导磁悬浮轴承的端部效应分析

针对径向高温超导磁悬浮轴承轴向尺寸有限引起的端部效应会影响其轴向悬浮特性,提出一种基于H公式的二维有限元建模方法,对径向高温超导磁悬浮轴承的端部效应进行分析。首先,通过实验测试验证提出的有限元建模方法;然后,分别建立具有不同尺寸定、转子的径向高温超导磁悬浮轴承有限元模型;最后,得到不同尺寸的超导定子与不同极数的永磁转子下轴向悬浮力与位移的关系。结果表明,由于端部效应,随着超导定子分块数量的增加,轴向悬浮特性不断恶化;随着永磁转子极数的增加,轴向悬浮力最大值先提高后降低,最终趋于永磁转子无限长时的轴向悬浮力最大值。     

基于本地蒸馏联邦学习的鲁棒语音识别技术

当联邦学习（FL）算法应用于鲁棒语音识别任务时,为解决训练数据非独立同分布（Non-IID）与客户端模型缺乏个性化问题,提出基于个性化本地蒸馏的联邦学习（PLD-FLD）算法。客户端通过上行链路上传本地Logits并在中心服务器聚合后下传参数,当边缘端模型测试性能优于本地模型时,利用下载链路接收中心服务器参数,确保了本地模型的个性化与泛化性,同时将模型参数与全局Logits通过下行链路下传至客户端,实现本地蒸馏学习,解决了训练数据的Non-IID问题。在AISHELL与PERSONAL数据集上的实验结果表明,PLD-FLD算法能在模型性能与通信成本之间取得较好的平衡,面向军事装备控制任务的语音识别准确率高达91%,相比于分布式训练的FL和FLD算法具有更快的收敛速度和更强的鲁棒性。     

High Rate,Long Lifespan LiV3O8 Nanorods as a Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

LiV₃O₈ nanorods with controlled size are successfully synthesized using a nonionic triblock surfactant Pluronic‐F127 as the structure directing agent. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques are used to characterize the samples. It is observed that the nanorods with a length of 4–8 µm and diameter of 0.5–1.0 µm distribute uniformly. The resultant LiV₃O₈ nanorods show much better performance as cathode materials in lithium‐ion batteries than normal LiV₃O₈ nanoparticles, which is associated with the their unique micro–nano‐like structure that can not only facilitate fast lithium ion transport, but also withstand erosion from electrolytes. The high discharge capacity (292.0 mAh g^?1 at 100 mA g^?1), high rate capability (138.4 mAh g^?1 at 6.4 A g^?1), and long lifespan (capacity retention of 80.5% after 500 cycles) suggest the potential use of LiV₃O₈ nanorods as alternative cathode materials for high‐power and long‐life lithium ion batteries. In particular, the synthetic strategy may open new routes toward the facile fabrication of nanostructured vanadium‐based compounds for energy storage applications.     

Walnut-inspired microsized porous silicon/graphene core–shell composites for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes

Silicon is considered an exceptionally promising alternative to the most commonly used material, graphite, as an anode for next-generation lithium-ion batteries, as it has high energy density owing to its high theoretical capacity and abundant storage. Here, microsized walnut-like porous silicon/reduced graphene oxide (P-Si/rGO) core–shell composites are successfully prepared via in situ reduction followed by a dealloying process. The composites show specific capacities of more than 2,100 mAh·g^?1 at a current density of 1,000 mA·g^?1, 1,600 mAh·g^?1 at 2,000 mA·g^?1, 1,500 mAh·g^?1 at 3,000 mA·g^?1, 1,200 mAh·g^?1 at 4,000 mA·g^?1, and 950 mAh·g^?1 at 5,000 mA·g^?1, and maintain a value of 1,258 mAh·g^?1 after 300 cycles at a current density of 1,000 mA·g^?1. Their excellent rate performance and cycling stability can be attributed to the unique structural design: 1) The graphene shell dramatically improves the conductivity and stabilizes the solid–electrolyte interface layers; 2) the inner porous structure supplies sufficient space for silicon expansion; 3) the nanostructure of silicon can prevent the pulverization resulting from volume expansion stress. Notably, this in situ reduction method can be applied as a universal formula to coat graphene on almost all types of metals and alloys of various sizes, shapes, and compositions without adding any reagents to afford energy storage materials, graphene-based catalytic materials, graphene-enhanced composites, etc.

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Effects of Cu on Microstructures,Mechanical, and Magnetic Properties of Fe–Ni–P Alloys Fabricated by Liquid Phase Sintering

The Fe–Ni–P–Cu alloys with different copper content (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) are fabricated by liquid phase sintering (LPS) at 950 °C. The nano‐Cu powder is mechanically mixed for 90 min with Fe–Ni–P composite powder using the ethanol as the medium. The microstructure, microhardness and compressive properties of Fe–Ni–P–Cu alloys are investigated. The results indicate that the copper is beneficial to improve the mechanical properties of sintered specimens. The sample contains a small amount of γ‐(Fe, Ni) phase when the copper content is 1 wt%, which results in its the highest compressive yield strength (948.1 MPa). The highest microhardness of 371 HV is accessible in Fe–Ni–P–Cu alloy with 2 wt% Cu. The fracture surface analysis indicates that sintered specimens with Cu addition exhibit a typical intergranular mode.     

Effect of end group of amorphous perfluoro-polymer electrets on electron trapping

Charge trap in amorphous perfluoro-polymer electret is studied, focusing on electron trap site and trap energy. Low-energy inverse photoelectron spectroscopy is adopted to measure solid-state electron affinity (EA) of cyclic transparent optical polymer (CYTOP). EA of CYTOP CTL-S is discovered by compensating the unwanted charge-up effect. Negatively-charged electret materials (polyethylene, ethylene-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, and CYTOP) are analyzed by quantum mechanical calculation. Density functional theory with long-range correction is adopted to analyze orbital energies of single molecular systems. Intramolecular distribution of trapped electron and EA are investigated. Calculated electron affinities of CYTOP polymers with different end group are qualitatively in accordance with trapped charge stability measured with thermal stimulated discharge, signifying that electron affinities obtained with the present simulation can be used as an index of amorphous polymer electret.     

Homology and functional similarity of an hrp-linked pathogenicity locus, dspEF, of Erwinia amylovora and the avirulence locus avrE of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato

The "disease-specific" (dsp) region next to the hrp gene cluster of Erwinia amylovora is required for pathogenicity but not for elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction. A 6.6-kb apparent operon, dspEF, was found responsible for this phenotype. The operon contains genes dspE and dspF and is positively regulated by hrpL. A BLAST search revealed similarity in the dspE gene to a partial sequence of the avrE locus of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato. The entire avrE locus was sequenced. Homologs of dspE and dspF were found in juxtaposed operons and were designated avrE and avrF. Introduced on a plasmid, the dspEF locus rendered P. syringae pv. glycinea race 4 avirulent on soybean. An E. amylovora dspE mutant, however, elicited a hypersensitive reaction in soybean. The avrE locus in trans restored pathogenicity to dspE strains of E. amylovora, although restored strains were low in virulence. DspE and AvrE are large (198 kDa and 195 kDa) and hydrophilic. DspF and AvrF are small (16 kDa and 14 kDa) and acidic with predicted amphipathic alpha helices in their C termini; they resemble chaperones for virulence factors secreted by type III secretion systems of animal pathogens.     

多元随机回归系数和参数的线性估计可容许的几个结果

在两种矩阵损失函数下讨论随机效应多元线性模型中回归系数和参数的线性估计的可容许性,并且在齐次和非齐次线性估计类中分别得到了可容许估计的充要条件。