The functional role of the motor area of the cortex in the formation of riddance reactions in dogs

A model of instrumental conditioning similar to the classical model (Pavlovian) is proposed. Flexion of the ipsilateral forelimb was elicited while EDS was applied to the hind limb by stimulation of the motor area of the cortex (M1); both stimuli ceased during the raising of the forelimb. Uniform combinations of this kind led to the development of forepaw flexion reactions in response to the EDS of the hind paw. Prolongation of EDS by 3 sec following cortical stimulation led to rapid extinction of the developed reactions. Thus, the possibility of the effective instrumentalization of movements induced by stimulation of the M1 is proven. This argues that the forming "instrumental" connection (drive-motor structures) is addressed directly to the M1.     

The antiviral action of recombinant receptorotoxins based on the diphtheria toxin and the human T-lymphocyte CD4-receptor

Lack of uniformity in the classification of oral diseases, and variability of study designs, measurements, methods, and statistical formats, hamper the interpretation, comparison and review of the evidence linking smoking and oral diseases. However, there have been a significant number of controlled studies, allowing definitive conclusions to be drawn. This review of 22 controlled scientific studies from 1983-1992, considers the role of smoking as an aetiological agent in: gingival problems (impaired gingival bleeding, ANUG), periodontal problems (periodontitis, bone loss, tooth loss), and caries.