Channeling of three newly introduced antidepressants to patients not responding satisfactorily to previous treatment

OBJECTIVE: Trifluoromethane and CO are produced simultaneously during the breakdown of isoflurane and desflurane by dry CO2 absorbents. Trifluoromethane interferes with anesthetic agent monitoring, and the interference can be used as a marker to indicate anesthetic breakdown with CO production. This study tests representative types of gas monitors to determine their ability to provide a clinically useful warning of CO production in circle breathing systems. METHODS: Isoflurane and desflurane were reacted with dry Baralyme at 45 degrees C. Standardized samples of breakdown products were created from mixtures of reacted and unreacted gases to simulate the partial degrees of reaction which might result during clinical episodes of anesthetic breakdown using 1% or 2% isoflurane and 6% or 12% desflurane. These mixtures were measured by the monitors tested, and the indication of the wrong agent or a mixture of agents due to the presence of trifluoromethane was recorded and related to the CO concentration in the gas mixtures. RESULTS: When presented with trifluoromethane from anesthetic breakdown, monochromatic infrared monitors displayed inappropriately large amounts of isoflurane or desflurane. Agent identifying infrared and Raman scattering monitors varied in their sensitivity to trifluoromethane. Mass spectrometers measuring enflurane at mass to charge = 69 were most sensitive to trifluoromethane. CONCLUSION: Monochromatic infrared monitors were unable to indicate anesthetic breakdown via interference by trifluoromethane, but did indicate falsely elevated anesthetic concentrations. Agent identifying infrared and Raman monitors provided warning of desflurane breakdown via the interference of trifluoromethane by displaying the wrong agent or mixed agents, but may not be sensitive enough to warn of isoflurane breakdown Some mass spectrometers provided the most sensitive warnings to anesthetic breakdown via trifluoromethane, but additional data processing by some patients monitor units reduced their overall effectiveness.     

Simplified Calculation of Mixing and Suspending Processes in Agitated Vessels – Part II: Examples of Application

Mixing processes in agitated vessels with different stirring systems are simulated using a cell model. The model takes the fluid velocity and fluid turbulence, as well as the diffusion and the sedimentation velocity of the particles into account. The two‐ and three‐dimensional behaviors of single particles and collectives of particles in the vessels, respectively, are discussed in terms of different aspects. The calculated concentration distributions are compared with some measurements from the literature. Furthermore, a user interface developed for the calculation program, is introduced.     

Production of pullulan

Optimum conditions for the production of pullulan by Pullularia pullulans were elaborated by examinating growth and production with different carbohydrates and mixtures of carbohydrates. With starch hydrolysates or mixtures of starch and simple sugars, p.e. glucose or saccharose, better results were achieved than with simple sugars alone or with starch. Condtions for optimum pullulan production are fast undisturbed growth, mediated by fast utilizable simple sugars like glucose followed by a substantial decreased growth rate in which production occurs, mediated by a sufficient supply of nutrite substances and a slow utilizable carbohydrate like starch.     

Training in firearm safety counseling in family practice residency programs

We have studied the function of partial orthotopic liver transplantation in the rat by evaluating prothrombin time (PT), liver blood flow, basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose tolerance, and the reticuloendothelial function (RES) in hepatectomized rats subjected to partial liver transplantation. A graft corresponding to 68% of a normal liver was transplanted to totally hepatectomized rats. Comparison was made between control rats and rats subjected to 32% liver resection. PT was not significantly different in the transplanted group compared with liver-resected and control rats. Laser Doppler flowmetry showed that at 28 days after surgery, blood flow had increased in the transplanted livers. Furthermore, on the third day after transplantation, basal plasma insulin was increased and the plasma insulin response to glucose was exaggerated, suggesting reduced insulin action and impaired insulin degradation. Finally, uptake of radioactive-labeled E. coli bacteria, as a measure of RES function, was not compromised in transplanted animals. Based on these results, we conclude that reduced-size liver transplant in out-bred rats results in fast normalization of liver function after surgery although, immediately after surgery, glucose intolerance is seen.     

Non-linear diode ladder network

The analysis and synthesis are presented of a non-linear ladder network with diodes incorporated in the series branches. An explicit form of solution is proposed and then applied to the synthesis of piecewise-linear characteristics. An illustrative example is given.