Metallurgical Development in Steel‐plant‐internal Multi‐injection Hot Metal Desulphurisation

The use of thermodynamic, statistical, and light and electron‐optical microscopic methods has made it possible to analyse the course of reactions during steel‐plant‐internal hot metal desulphurisation. The theoretical dependence between oxygen and sulphur activity has been used to develop an EMF‐measurement‐based technique for determining the sulphur content as the hot metal is desulphurised. The absence of magnesium sulphide from the collection of phases in the final slag because of the greater stability and secondary formation of calcium sulphide has been explained with the aid of thermo‐chemical calculations.     

An effective hybrid approach to remote-sensing image classification

This article presents a hybrid fuzzy classifier for effective land-use/land-cover (LULC) mapping. It discusses a Bayesian method of incorporating spatial contextual information into the fuzzy noise classifier (FNC). The FNC was chosen as it detects noise using spectral information more efficiently than its fuzzy counterparts. The spatial information at the level of the second-order pixel neighbourhood was modelled using Markov random fields (MRFs). Spatial contextual information was added to the MRF using different adaptive interaction functions. These help to avoid over-smoothing at the class boundaries. The hybrid classifier was applied to advanced wide-field sensor (AWiFS) and linear imaging self-scanning sensor-III (LISS-III) images from a rural area in India. Validation was done with a LISS-IV image from the same area. The highest increase in accuracy among the adaptive functions was 4.1% and 2.1% for AWiFS and LISS-III images, respectively. The paper concludes that incorporation of spatial contextual information into the fuzzy noise classifier helps in achieving a more realistic and accurate classification of satellite images.     

Alterations in Protein Expression of Arabidopsis thaliana Cell Cultures During Hyper- and Simulated Micro-Gravity

Callus cell cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to hypergravity (8×g), 2D clinorotation and random positioning exhibit changes in gene expression (Martzivanou et al., Protoplasma 229:155–162, 2006). In a recent investigation we could show that after 2 h of exposure also the protein complement shows treatment-related changes which are indicative for reactive oxygen species being involved in the perception of/response to changes in the gravitational field. In the present study we have extended these investigations for a period of up to 16 h of exposure. We report on changes in abundance of 28 proteins which have been identified by nano HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and which were altered in amount after 2 h of treatment. According to changes between 2 and 16 h we could distinguish four groups of proteins which either declined, increased from down-regulated to control levels, showed a transient decline or a transient increase. With regard to function, our data indicate stress relief or adaptation to a new gravitational steady state under prolonged exposure. The latter assumption is supported by the appearance of a new set of 19 proteins which is changed in abundance after 8 h of hypergravity. A comparative analysis of the different treatments showed some similarities in response between 8×g centrifugation and 2D clinorotation, while random positioning showed the least responses.     

A free dendritic growth model accommodating curved phase boundaries and high peclet number conditions

A steady-state free dendrite growth model accommodating nonlocal equilibrium tip conditions and curved liquidus and solidus has been developed. The developed model assumes a dendrite tip of a paraboloid of revolution and is applicable to dendrite growth in dilute binary alloys for all values of P _c , and reduces to the BCT model for linear liquidus and solidus. The marginal stability criterion of Trivedi and Kurz is shown to apply even in the presence of kinetic undercooling and curved phase boundaries when used with an appropriate concentration-dependent liquidus slope. The model is applied to Sn-Pb alloys to predict the tip velocity, tip radius, solute trapping, and four components of undercooling in the quasi-solutal, solutal-to-thermal transition and quasi-thermal regions.     

Pyrolysis of model compounds on spent oil shales, minerals and charcoal: Implications for shale oil composition

Aliphatic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkanoic acids, ketones, alcohols and amines) were passed through beds of spent oil shales (Condor brown, Condor carbonaceous, Julia Creek), minerals (quartz, calcite, K-feldspar, pyrite, kaolinite) and charcoal at temperatures of 300–600 °C and the products were analysed by g.c.m.s. All the materials catalysed isomerization, aromatization and cracking to varying degrees: non-clay minerals < kaolinite ≈ spent oil shales < charcoal. Products included branched alkanes, isomeric alkenes, nitriles, ketones and alkyl-substituted benzenes, naphthalenes, pyridines, phenols, thiophenes and pyrroles. These compounds occur in shale oils and may be derived from secondary reactions of aliphatic products arising from kerogen cracking.     

Composition and synthesis of three higher ganglioside homologs in bovine mammary tissue

Three higher gangliosides were identified as constituents of bovine mammary gland. The structures of these three gangliosides were shown to be ceramide-glucose-galactose-(sialic acid)-N-acetylgalactosamine-galactose, ceramide-glucose-galactose-(sialic acid)₂-N-acetylgalactosamine, and ceramide-glucose-galactose-(sialic acid)₂-N-acetylgalactosamine-galactose These gangliosides accounted for only a small fraction (<20%) of the lipid-bound sialic acid in mammary gland. While fatty acids with even carbon numbers from C₁₄ to C₂₆ were predominant in these gangliosides, they also contained C₂₃ and C₂₅ fatty acids. Mammary gland Golgi apparatus-rich fractions had all glycosyltransferases required for synthesis of these gangliosides starting with ceramide.     

Editorial

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

On the internal structure of weakly nonlinear bores in laminar high Reynolds number flow

The paper deals with the internal structure of hydraulic jumps in near-critical single-layer flows which replaces the discontinuities predicted by hydraulic theory if viscous effects acting inside a thin laminar boundary layer are properly accounted for. In the limit of large Reynolds number this leads to a structure problem formed by the classical triple-deck equations supplemented with a novel nonlinear interaction relationship which allows for the passage through the critical state. Hydraulic jumps are shown to represent eigensolutions of the structure problem where this passage is achieved by the local thickening of the boundary layer which acts as a viscous hump. The effects of detuning and dispersion due to streamline curvature and surface tension on the internal structure of hydraulic jumps are studied in detail. In addition, the interaction of hydraulic jumps with surface mounted obstacles is investigated.     

Preface

User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction -