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141.
Isidoro Izquierdo Cubero Maria T. Plaza López-Espinosa Rafael Acuña Castillo 《Journal of chemical ecology》1991,17(8):1529-1541
The synthesis of the title compound13 has been carried out through the preparation of its precursor, (3R,4R,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undecane (6), obtained fromd-fructose using Wittig's methodology, reduction, and spiroketalation. Compound6 was transformed into13 by a Barton deoxygenation at C-5 followed by a Corey dideoxygenation at C-3,4 of the appropriately protected derivatives.Enantiospecific synthesis of spiroacetals. Part II. For Part I, see Izquierdo and Plaza (1990). 相似文献
142.
Why Phenolic Acids Are Unlikely Primary Allelochemicals in Rice 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Olofsdotter M Rebulanan M Madrid A Dali W Navarez D Olk DC 《Journal of chemical ecology》2002,28(1):229-242
Allelopathy in rice (Oryza sativa, L.) effective against weeds has been found in about 3.5% of tested rice germplasm in both laboratory and field experimentation. However, the allelochemicals responsible for growth inhibition of rice-associated weeds have not yet been identified. In the literature, phenolic acids are often mentioned as putative allelochemicals. If phenolic acids commonly reach growth inhibitory concentrations in rice ecosystems, it must be expected that the degree of tolerance to phenolic acids will vary among traditional rice cultivars or plant species adapted to rice environments having inherently different phenolic acid concentrations. Phenolic acids concentrations are normally greater in submerged than in aerobic soils. A dose–response study, however, showed that seedlings of rice cultivars adapted to submerged anaerobic soils did not have higher level of tolerance against p-hydroxybenzoic acid than did seedlings of varieties adapted to aerobic upland soils. Moreover, traditional rice cultivars had no greater tolerance than did improved cultivars that were recently bred for traits other than tolerance of phenolic acids. Similarly, there were no differences in tolerance of p-hydroxybenzoic acid between two Echinochloa weed species adapted to either anaerobic or aerobic growth conditions. Thus, neither the rice cultivars nor weed species had evolved different tolerance levels against the phenolic acid. However, all rice cultivars had significantly greater tolerance of p-hydroxybenzoic acid than did either weed species. In a second experiment, the rates at which rice plants released phenolic acids into solution cultures were measured for at least one month, the time period of greatest allelopathic activity following planting under field conditions. The maximum release rate of phenolic acids during the first month of growth was approximately 10 g/plant/day. At a conventional plant density, the release rate of phenolic acids would be approximately 1 mg/m2day. This order of release rate cannot provide concentrations remotely close to phytotoxic levels determined for these rice cultivars and weed species. The results presented in this paper do not preclude the possibility that phenolic acids might be one component in a mixture of chemicals that, when present simultaneously, are allelopathic. 相似文献
143.
John J. Petrovic Maria I. Pena H. Harriett Kung 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1997,80(5):1111-1116
Details of the fabrication and microstructures of hot-pressed MoSi2 reinforced–Si3 N4 matrix composites were investigated as a function of MoSi2 phase size and volume fraction, and amount of MgO densification aid. No reactions were observed between MoSi2 and Si3 N4 at the fabrication temperature of 1750°C. Composite microstructures varied from particle–matrix to cermet morphologies with increasing MoSi2 phase content. The MgO densification aid was present only in the Si3 N4 phase. An amorphous glassy phase was observed at the MoSi2 –Si3 N4 phase boundaries, the extent of which decreased with decreased MgO level. No general microcracking was observed in the MoSi2 –Si3 N4 composites, despite the presence of a substantial thermal expansion mismatch between the MoSi2 and Si3 N4 phases. The critical MoSi2 particle diameter for microcracking was calculated to be 3 μm. MoSi2 particles as large as 20 μm resulted in no composite microcracking; this indicated that significant stress relief occurred in these composites, probably because of plastic deformation of the MoSi2 phase. 相似文献
144.
Ion beam irradiation can be used to modify the structure and gas transport properties of glassy polymers. This is the first of two studies that focus on the impact of H+ ion irradiation on the structure and permeation properties of the polyimide Matrimid®. Specifically, the evolution in chemical structure after H+ irradiation over a range of fluences was analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy and dissolution studies. Although H+ ion irradiation at very low ion fluences induced little modification in the chemical structure, irradiation at relatively high ion fluences resulted in crosslinking of the irradiated films. The branched structure of the aliphatic methyl (CH3) was the most sensitive to the H+ ion irradiation. The para‐disubstituted aromatic ring showed the strongest resistance toward ion irradiation and required fairly high doses to induce degradation. Two potential crosslinking mechanisms related to the degradation of the aliphatic methyl and the benzophenone carbonyl were presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2010–2019, 2003 相似文献
145.
Luis Carlos Ferreira Jr.Marcos A.S. Costa Pedro Ivo C. GuimarãesLuiz Claudio de Santa Maria 《Polymer》2002,43(14):3857-3862
Styrene polymerization was carried out with Ni(acac)2/MAO and Ni(acac)2/SiO2/MAO. The influence of reaction parameters (Al/Ni mole ratio, catalyst concentration, temperature and time polymerization) on styrene polymerization was evaluated. It was observed that both catalytic systems were affected by reaction parameters and that the heterogeneous catalyst presented higher activity than the homogeneous one. Polystyrenes with different molecular weight, stereoregularity and polydispersity were obtained. These results suggest that different active catalyst species could have been present. In addition, two types of methylaluminoxane (MAO) with different molecular weights were also evaluated as cocatalyst. As a result, the catalyst activity and stereospecificity were strongly affected by the MAO type. 相似文献
146.
The in vitro incorporation of leucine, isoleucine and pyruvate into lipids was compared and the possibility that leucine might
serve as anin situ precursor to the correspondingiso fatty acids in the rat sciatic nerve was studied. The relative incorporation of14C from leucine into lipids vs. nonlipids was 20%, and the incorporation of label into total lipids from leucine was one-half
that from pyruvate. The incorporation of label from leucine and pyruvate into sterols was nearly equivalent, but the incorporation
of label into all other lipid classes from leucine was less than that from pyruvate, and the incorporation of label from isoleucine
into lipids was much less in all cases. No detectable label from leucine was incorporated into brached chain fatty acids.
It is concluded that leucine may be a substantial in vitro precursor to all major lipids in peripheral nerve, especially sterols.
The possibility and significance of a leucine catabolic pathway in the cytosol in relation to availability of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl
CoA for sterol biosynthesis is discussed. 相似文献
147.
The present study was designed to examine the effects of EFA deficiency (EFAD) on biochemical, functional, and structural
aspects of the kidney in growing and adult rats fed a normal or EFAD diet for 9 wk after weaning. Food and fluid intake (FI),
urine volume, and Na+ and K+ excretions were measured weekly from weeks 4 to 8 by placing the rats in individual metabolic cages for 24 h. At week 9,
Li+ and a 5% water load, respectively, were administered at 14 and 1.5 h prior to glomerular and proximal tubular function studies,
as assessed by 3-h creatinine (CCr) and Li+ (CLi+) clearances. Hematocrit and urine volume; serum and urine [Cr], [Li+], [Na+], and [K+]; and renal FA distribution were also measured. Data [corrected to 100 g/body weight (bw) and presented as means ±SEM] were
significant, at P<-0.05. Despite a similar ingestion of solids from weeks 4 to 7 (weeks 7 to 10 of life), the rats on the EFAD diet showed
a decreased body weight from week 5. From weeks 4 to 8, Fl and urine volume were similar for both groups, but the Fl increased
at week 6 in the EFAD group; 24-h Na+ and K+ excretions were similar at all weeks, except for an increase in the EFAD group for both ions at week 7. In the EFAD group,
CCr and CLi+ decreased by 27 and 56.3%, respectively (385.7±33.4 vs. 280±21.1, and 21.0±2.1 vs. 9.2±1.1 μL/min/100 g; n=9 vs. 10), the latter result suggesting increased proximal reabsorption. The 3-h Na+ and K+ excretions were similar, but the Li+ decreased (0.78±0.06×10−2 vs. 0.32±0.03×10−2 μeq/min/100 g) in the EFAD group, giving additional support to the suggestion. Renal structure was normal and similar for
both groups, but the EFAD group showed a more prominent proximal tubule brush border, together with heavier periodic acid-Schiff
staining in all specimens from weeks 5 to 9. In the EFAD group, FA of the n−9 and n−7 series were higher, but most of the
n−6 series were lower as a percentage of total lipids in the medulla and cortex. Medullary levels of 20∶4n−6 were maintained,
22∶4n−6 declined twice, arachidonic acid was maintained, and 20∶5n−3 was lower. The EFAD diet affected glomerular function,
proximal tubular structure and function, and FA distribution in the rat kidney. 相似文献
148.
Silvana?Martini Constantin?Bertoli Maria?Lidia?Herrera Ian?Neeson Alejandro?MarangoniEmail author 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2005,82(5):305-312
An ultrasonic technique was developed to study the crystallization process of edible fats on-line. A chirp wave was used instead
of the conventional pulser signal, thus achieving a higher signal-to-noise ratio. This enabled measurements to be made in
concentrated systems [≈20% solid fat content (SFC)] through a 8.11-cm thick sample without significant signal loss. Fat samples
were crystallized at 20, 25, and 30°C at a constant agitation rate of 400 rpm for 90 min. The crystallization process was
followed by ultrasonic spectroscopy and a low-resolution pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer. Specific relationships
were found between ultrasonic parameters [integrated response, time of flight (TF), and full width half maximum] and SFC.
TF, which is an indirect measurement of the ultrasonic velocity (v), was highly correlated to SFC (r
2>0.9) in a linear fashion (v=2.601 SFC+1433.0). 相似文献
149.
Delba N.C. Melo Eduardo C. Vasco De Toledo Marcela M. Santos Salah D.M. Hasan Maria Regina Wolf Maciel Rubens Maciel Filho 《Computers & Chemical Engineering》2005,29(11-12):2485
In order to develop and test the integration procedure, in this paper a real time process integration involving the optimization and control of the process is presented, in this case, with the two-layer approach. The used optimization algorithms were Levenberg–Marquardt and SQP that solve a non-linear least square problem subject to bounds on the variables. The two-layer approach is a hierarchical control structure where an optimization layer calculates the set points and manipulated variables to the advanced controller, which is based on the dynamic matrix control with constraints (QDMC). The non-isothermal dynamic model of the three-phase slurry catalytic reactor with appropriate solution procedure was utilized in this work (Vasco de Toledo, E. C., Santana, P. L., Maciel, M. R. W., & Maciel Filho, R. (2001). Dynamic modeling of a three-phase catalytic slurry reactor. Chemical Engineering Science, 56, 6055–6061). The model consists on mass and heat balance equations for the catalyst particles as well as for the bulk phases of gas and liquid. The model was used to describe the dynamic behavior of hydrogenation reaction of o-cresol to obtain 2-methil-cyclohexanol, in the presence of a catalyst Ni/SiO2. 相似文献
150.
Andres T Aguayo Ana G Gayubo Ana M Tarrío Alaitz Atutxa Javier Bilbao 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2002,77(2):211-216
With the aim of determining the possibilities of directly upgrading the liquid obtained from carbohydrate fermentation, the effect of operating conditions (temperature, space time, water content in the feed) has been studied in the catalytic transformation of aqueous ethanol into hydrocarbons on an HZSM‐5 zeolite in an isothermal fixed bed reactor. Special attention has been paid to the effect of water content on the yield, product distribution and catalyst deactivation. Although deactivation by coke decreases as the water content is increased, this content must be limited at 450 °C and higher temperatures in order to avoid irreversible deactivation of the catalyst by dealumination. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献