Deactivation of metal catalysts in liquid phase organic reactions

The paper gives a general survey of the factors contributing to the deactivation of metal catalysts employed in liquid phase reactions for the synthesis of fine or intermediate chemicals. The main causes of catalyst deactivation are particle sintering, metal and support leaching, deposition of inactive metal layers or polymeric species, and poisoning by strongly adsorbed species. Weakly adsorbed species, poisons at low surface coverage and solvents, may act as selectivity promoters or modifiers. Three examples of long term stability studies carried out in trickle-bed reactor (glucose to sorbitol hydrogenation on Ru/C catalysts, hydroxypropanal to 1,3-propanediol hydrogenation on Ru/TiO₂ catalysts, and wet air oxidation of paper pulp effluents on Ru/TiO₂) are discussed.     

Ethanolysis of rapeseed oil: Quantitation of ethyl esters,mono-, di-, and triglycerides and glycerol by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography

High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was used to evaluate the influence of different variables affecting the transesterification of rapeseed oil (RSO) with anhydrous ethanol and sodium ethoxide as catalyst. The effect of temperature, ethanol/RSO molar ratio, catalyst concentration, and time can be interpreted by observing the variations of the reaction medium composition. HPSEC has made the quantitation of ethyl esters, mono-, di-, and triglycerides and glycerol possible. The best results for laboratory-scale reactions were obtained at 80°C with a 6:1 molar ratio of EtOH/RSO and 1% of NaOEt by weight of RSO.     

Diastereoselective Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of Aromatic or Heteraromatic Compounds

The diastereoselective hydrogenation catalyzed by heterogeneous metallic catalysts uses a covalently bound chiral auxiliary to induce the chirality. It remains an active synthetic methodology in the asymmetric synthesis of chiral products and may proceed with high diastereoselectivity. This review describes recent examples using this method, such as hydrogenation of C=C, C=O, and C=N bonds. The use of a chiral auxiliary group has also been successfully applied to the hydrogenation of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings. The choice of the chiral auxiliary was found to play a key role in the asymmetric hydrogenation. The results could be explained in terms of steric effect, with a preferred conformation of the adduct substrate and the addition occurring from the less bulky side. The catalytic metal, the support and the presence of additives were also found to have a significant influence.     

A study about the effect of the temperature of hydrogen treatment on the properties of Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/C and their catalytic behavior during 1-heptyne semi-hydrogenation

The 1-heptyne selective hydrogenation carried out at 150 kPa, and at 283 and 303 K using Ru/Al₂O₃ and Ru/C as catalysts, was studied. Catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation technique using RuCl₃ as precursor. Ru/Al₂O₃ was treated in hydrogen at 373 or 573 K and Ru/C only at the last temperature. Catalysts were characterized by hydrogen chemisorption, TPR and XPS. Ru dispersion after treatment in hydrogen at the highest temperature is similar for both catalysts. Ru is present as Ru⁰ in Ru/C, while Ru⁰ and Ru electron-deficient species are present on the catalysts surface after hydrogen treatment at the two temperatures using Al₂O₃ as support. The best catalytic behavior was observed for the highest temperature of hydrogen treatment and for 303 K reaction temperature. As a consequence of a shape selectivity effect of the C support, the best conversion is obtained with the alumina supported catalyst.     

Interaction between dietary protein and fat in triglyceride metabolism in the rat: Effects of soy protein and menhaden oil

The objective of the present study was to determine the mechanisms by which dietary proteins interact with dietary lipids in the regulation of triglyceridemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=56) were subjected to 28-d experimental diets containing different combinations of proteins (20% w/w) and lipid sources (14% w/w): (i) casein-menhaden oil, (ii) casein-beef tallow, (iii) soy protein-menhaden oil, and (iv) soy protein-beef tallow. Significant protein-lipid interactions were observed on triglyceridemia and hepatic cholesterol in fasted rats. The combination of casein and beef tallow was associated with high plasma TG and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, which were reduced by substitution either of soy for casein or of menhaden oil for beef tallow. Therefore, triglyceridemia and liver cholesterol remained low with soy protein feeding, independently of the lipid source, as well as with menhaden oil feeding, regardless of the protein source. The menhaden oil diets reduced plasma cholesterol, hepatic TG, and TG secretion compared with beef tallow diets independently of the dietary protein source. Modifying the source of dietary proteins and lipids had no effect on post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity. These results demonstrate that soy protein can lower rat triglyceridemia relative to casein when associated with beef tallow consumption, whereas menhaden oil can attenuate hypertriglyceridemia when rats are fed casein. The data further suggest that part of the hypotriglyceridemic effect of soy protein in the rat may be mediated by reduced hepatic lipid synthesis, as is the case for menhaden oil.     

湖北黄麦岭沉积变质磷灰岩选矿技术研究

黄麦岭磷矿属较易选的低品位沉积变质磷灰岩矿,通过扩能改造、回水利用等措施,不仅提高了资源的综合利用率,也为公司每年降低生产成本4 000多万元,创造了可观的经济效益.     

机场终端区飞机进近仿真系统的构建

空中交通管制训练仿真系统的主要功能是模拟空中交通,对空管人员进行培训,是空管系统的必备模块,其中如何实现飞行仿真系统,即控制空中目标按照预期的航线飞行并获取精确的飞行航迹是空管训练仿真的基础.在飞行仿真系统中飞行模型的建立是十分重要的,模型的正确与否关系到了空管模拟的逼真度,模型既要满足精度的要求又要满足逼真度的要求,针对这一现实难题使用基于全量运动方程的飞机动力学建模方法,同时配合一种变步长解算方法,最后利用GL Stu-dio软件图形设计器和代码编辑器,结合VC++的混合编程设计方法,实现了对机场终端区飞机进近仿真系统界面的构建.     

深层压裂支撑剂选择探讨

低密度陶粒、覆膜陶粒、覆膜石英砂在浅层压裂应用中表现出了优异的性能,在深层油气藏的压裂改造中是否适用,需进行进一步的研究。从支撑剂的抗破碎能力、导流能力、嵌入程度对比分析了低密度陶粒、覆膜砂、覆膜陶粒的性能,结果表明覆膜陶粒在高压条件下抗破碎能力和导流能力较高,且与岩石的嵌入程度较低,说明覆膜陶粒在深层压裂中具有良好的应用前景。     

基于虚拟人的汽车内饰造型草图设计方法研究

基于当前汽车内饰造型草图设计中存在的问题,引入虚拟人技术生成造型草图设计的辅助模板,建立了基于辅助模板的造型草图设计新方法,并将设计方法进行设计实践,用实际效果验证理论,从而为汽车内饰设计师提供了一种快捷而有效的技术支持方案。     

NH_3 Plasma Surface Treatments of Engineering Fluoropolymers: A Way to Enhance Adhesion of Ni or Cu Thin Films Deposited by Electroless Plating

FLUOROPOLYMERS(FPs)are thermoplasticmaterials which exhibit a number of unique chemicaland physical characteristics that no other man-madeplastic product gets together.For example,FPs showvery good resistance to almost all chemicals,excellentwater vapor barrier properties,high thermal stability,outstanding electrical insulation properties(lowdielectric constant and dissipation factors),extremelylow frictional coefficient giving them high auto-lubrication properties,high resistance to rad…