Influence of precursors on the formation of 3‐MCPD and glycidyl esters in a model oil under simulated deodorization conditions

To find new ways for reducing the potential of palm oil to form 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD) and glycidyl esters during refining it is helpful to know more about the influence of different precursors like diacylglycerols (DAGs) and monoacylglycerols (MAGs), lecithin, and chlorine containing compounds. After adding increasing amounts of the different precursors to a model oil obtained by removal of polar compounds from crude palm oil and heating the mixture under standardized conditions to 240°C for 2 h the contents of 3‐MCPD and glycidyl esters were analyzed according to the standard procedure of DGF C‐VI 18 (10). DAGs and MAGs were found to increase the potential of palm oil to form 3‐MCPD and glycidyl esters, but refined lecithin showed no influence. Sodium chloride as well as tetra‐n‐butylammoniumchloride (TBAC) led to higher contents of the esters. Whereas the addition of TBAC raised the amount of glycidyl esters as well as 3‐MCPD esters, sodium chloride largely raised the amount of 3‐MCPD esters. An addition of 5 mmol of sodium carbonate/kg model oil spiked with sodium chloride reduced the amount of glycidyl esters almost completely; the 3‐MCPD esters were reduced by 50%. About 1 mmol sodium hydrogen carbonate/kg oil reduced both 3‐MCPD and glycidyl esters almost completely. Practical applications : For the mitigation of the formation of 3‐MCPD esters and related compounds in refined edible oils, it is helpful to know more about the effect of different possible precursors. Using a broader data basis, it is possible to adopt the oil processing but especially the choice of the raw material to the demands of the market for lower contents of the esters in the refined products.     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE ONTO SULFURIC ACID–TREATED ORANGE PEEL

The present study explains the preparation and application of sulfuric acid–treated orange peel (STOP) as a new low-cost adsorbent in the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from its aqueous solution. The effects of temperature on the operating parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial MB dye concentration, and contact time were investigated for the removal of MB dye using STOP. The maximum adsorption of MB dye onto STOP took place in the following experimental conditions: pH of 8.0, adsorbent dose of 0.4 g, contact time of 45 min, and temperature of 30°C. The adsorption equilibrium data were tested by applying both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It is observed that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted better than the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating multilayer adsorption, at all studied temperatures. The adsorption kinetic results showed that the pseudo-second-order model was more suitable to explain the adsorption of MB dye onto STOP. The adsorption mechanism results showed that the adsorption process was controlled by both the internal and external diffusion of MB dye molecules. The values of free energy change (ΔG ^o) and enthalpy change (ΔH ^o) indicated the spontaneous, feasible, and exothermic nature of the adsorption process. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of STOP was also compared with other low-cost adsorbents, and it was found that STOP was a better adsorbent for MB dye removal.     

Enhancement of pro‐degradant performance in polyethylene/starch blends as a function of distribution

The effect of pro‐degradant distribution in polyethylene (PE)/starch blends on ultraviolet (UV) photo‐oxidative degradation was investigated. Two kinds of pro‐degradants, Fe and Co‐based, were used in this study. The distribution of pro‐degradants in the different phases was varied by a dual step process using a side‐feed on a reactive extruder. The variation in mechanical properties and evaluation of carbonyl groups by FTIR were conducted to investigate the effect of degradation following exposure to UV photo‐oxidative degradation. It was found that the variation in mechanical properties was higher when the pro‐degradants were distributed in the PE phase. The concentration of carbonyl groups increased as a function of UV exposure, and the concentration of carbonyl groups was higher when the pro‐degradants were distributed in the PE phase. Micro‐cracking was observed on the interface between starch and PE after adding the pro‐degradants. When the pro‐degradants were distributed in high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) phase, the micro‐cracks mainly appeared in HDPE matrix, and the density of micro‐crack was higher. In general, the function of the pro‐degradants in PE/starch blends was enhanced when their distribution was varied within HDPE phase. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Characterization of Aluminum Nanopowder Compositions

The thermal behaviour of two different Al nanopowders and a micron‐sized Al powder was studied using DSC, simultaneous TG‐DTA, and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC). The results show that the reactivity of Al powder increases as the particle size decreases. The thermal stability of the smaller Al nanopowder (Als) in water and in a humid atmosphere was determined using ARC and TG‐DTA, respectively. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectrometry (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectrometry (AES) were used to characterize the surface chemistry of Alex. The outgassing behaviour for mixtures of RDX and the various Al powders was investigated using TG‐DTA‐FTIR‐MS. Evolution of NO₂ and N₂O from a chemical interaction between Al nanopowders and RDX was observed. The effect of Als and Alex on the thermal stability of TNT, RDX, Comp B, and AP was determined using ARC. Addition of Als significantly lowered the onset temperature for TNT and RDX decomposition. Electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitivities of Al nanopowders and their mixtures with TNT, Comp B, RDX and AP were determined. The results show that the AP/Als mixture is very sensitive to ESD. Standard dust explosibility tests demonstrated that Alex is highly explosible.     

Mechanical properties of glass fiber composites with an epoxy resin modified by a liquid crystalline epoxy

The effect of liquid crystalline networks on epoxy + glass fiber composites is investigated. The matrix obtained from in‐situ curing of liquid crystalline (LC) diglycidyl ether of 4,4‐dihydroxybiphenol (DGE‐DHBP) with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBP‐F) by anhydride curing agent was used as the matrix for polymer composites. Impact, tensile, and flexural testing results are compared between the unmodified and modified systems. The interlaminar fracture toughness of commposites in the shear mode was determined by end notch flexure (ENF) tests. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the fracture surfaces to understand the mechanism of fracture and interphase formation between the fiber and the matrix.     

Oxidative flavour deterioration of fish oil enriched milk

The oxidative deterioration of milk emulsions supplemented with 1.5 wt‐% fish oil was investigated by sensory evaluation and by determining the peroxide value and volatile oxidation products after cold storage. Two types of milk emulsions were produced, one with a highly unsaturated tuna oil (38 wt‐% of n‐3 fatty acids) and one with cod liver oil (26 wt‐% of n‐3 fatty acids). The effect of added calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) on oxidation was also investigated. Emulsions based on cod liver oil with a slightly elevated peroxide value (1.5 meq/kg) oxidised significantly faster than the tuna oil emulsions, having a lower initial peroxide value (0.1 meq/kg). In the tuna oil emulsions the fishy off‐flavour could not be detected throughout the storage period. Addition of 5—50 ppm EDTA significantly reduced the development of volatile oxidation products in the cod liver oil emulsions, indicating that metal chelation with EDTA could inhibit the decomposition of lipid hydroperoxides in these emulsions. This study showed that an oxidatively stable milk emulsion containing highly polyunsaturated tuna fish oil could be prepared without significant fishy off‐flavour development upon storage, provided that the initial peroxide value was sufficiently low.     

Processing and properties of transparent hydroxyapatite and β tricalcium phosphate obtained by HIP process

Stoichiometric β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) powders were synthesized by chemical precipitation of aqueous solutions of diammonium phosphate and calcium nitrate. After a calcination treatment and a milling step, the powders were shaped by slip casting. The sintering temperature effect on the relative density and the average grain size was investigated. By natural sintering at 1200 and 1120 °C, densities of 98% and 99% were obtained for HA and TCP, respectively. After determination of minimum temperatures to obtain only closed porosity and a pre-sintering at these temperatures, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment was carried out. Transparent or translucent samples were obtained, indicating a relative density very close to the theoretical value (>99.9%). Mechanical properties (three-point bending strength, fracture toughness, Young's modulus and Vickers hardness) were measured on both materials with similar grain size (～ 1 μm). Bending strengths of 181 and 105 MPa were measured for TCP and HA, respectively.     

Dendrimers or Nanoparticles as Supports for the Design of Efficient and Recoverable Organocatalysts?

The Jørgensen–Hayashi catalyst [(S)‐α,α‐diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether] was grafted onto the surface of two different supports: phosphorus dendrimers (generations 1 to 3) and magnetic, polymer‐coated cobalt/carbon (Co/C) nanobeads. These new supported catalysts displayed high activities and selectivities in the Michael additions of a wide range of aldehydes to different nitroolefins. Moreover, the dendrimer of the third generation displayed excellent recycling abilities since it could be recovered and reused in 7 consecutive runs without loss of activity.     

Herbivorous Caterpillars and the Green Leaf Volatile (GLV) Quandary

Several herbivorous caterpillars contain effectors in their oral secretions that alter the emission of green leaf volatiles (GLVs) produced by the plants upon which the caterpillars are feeding. These effectors include an isomerase, a fatty acid dehydratase (FHD), and a heat-stable hexenal trapping (HALT) molecule. GLVs serve as signaling compounds in plant-insect interactions and inter-and intra-plant communication. However, it is not known whether these GLV-altering effectors are common among herbivorous caterpillars, or the evolutionary context of these effectors in relation to GLV emission by host plants in response to feeding damage. Here, we examined the distribution and activity of the isomerase, FHD, and HALT effectors across 10 species spanning 7 lepidopteran families. Six of the 10 species possessed all three effectors in their oral secretions. Activity from the HALT and FHD effectors was observed in all examined caterpillar species, while activity from the isomerase effector varied in some species and was absent in others. There was no discernable pattern in effector activity based on evolutionary divergence, since individual species within a family did not possess similar mechanisms to alter GLV emission. These data, demonstrating the GLV-altering effectors acting at different steps in the GLV biosynthetic pathway and present in the examined caterpillar species at different combinations with different activities, highlight the importance of these effectors in changing the emission of these compounds during caterpillar herbivory. Understanding the prevalence and roles of GLV-altering effectors and GLV emission itself will open new research areas in the dynamics of plant-insect interactions.