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51.
Raqibul Mostafa Ramesh C. Pallat Uwe Ringel Ashok A. Tikku Jeffrey H. Reed 《ETRI Journal》2012,34(3):319-329
Closed‐loop transmit diversity is considered an important technique for improving the link budget in the third generation and future wireless communication standards. This paper proposes several transmit diversity algorithms suitable for small wireless terminals and presents performance assessment in terms of average signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and outage improvement, convergence, and complexity of operations. The algorithms presented herein are verified using data from measured indoor channels with variable antenna spacing and the results explained using measured radiation patterns for a two‐element array. It is shown that for a two‐element array, the best among the proposed techniques provides SNR improvement of about 3 dB in a tightly spaced array (inter‐element spacing of 0.1 wavelength at 2 GHz) typical of small wireless devices. Additionally, these techniques are shown to perform significantly better than a single antenna device in an indoor channel considering realistic values of latency and propagation errors. 相似文献
52.
S.L. Ashok Kumar M. Saravana Kumar R.P. John P. Thomas Muthiah A. Sreekanth 《Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications》2013,33(5):2519-2525
1,5-Bis (2-hydroxyacetophenone)thiocarbohydrazone (H4L) has been synthesized and characterized by means of spectroscopic and single crystal X-ray diffraction methods. Interactions of the H4L with a variety of anions were investigated using a combination of UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopic methods in a biological competing solvent DMSO. The H4L has a high degree of selectivity for fluoride over other anions. 1H NMR titration experiments indicate that a deprotonation process is involved in the chemo sensing process. 相似文献
53.
N. G. Shiva Prasad G. V. Ashok H. M. Mahesh 《The International journal of environmental studies》2013,70(1):83-92
Potable waters from various locations of the Bangalore environment were investigated for their 222Rn concentrations by the emanometry method. About 94 groundwater (borewell) samples were analysed for 222Rn concentrations and found to vary in the range 5.3–283.4 Bq L?1 with a mean value of 87 Bq L?1. Frequency distribution showed the 222Rn concentration in a large number of samples in the range of 0–50 Bq L?1. From the measured concentrations, the effective doses (lung and stomach) for the population of the region were estimated. The effective dose was found to vary from 42.6 to 2280.2 µSv y?1 with a mean value 702.5 µSv y?1. The effect of boiling of water showed a drastic reduction in the 222Rn concentration. The results of the present investigation are systematically analysed, compared with the literature values and discussed. 相似文献
54.
The effect of liquid and gas velocities, solid concentrations, and operating pressure has been studied experimentally in a 15 cm diameter air-water-glass beads bubble column. The superficial gas and liquid velocities varied from 1.0 to 40.00 cm/s and 0 to 16.04 cm/s, respectively, while the solid loading varied from 1 to 9%. The gas holdup in the column was reduced sharply as we switched from batch to co-current mode of operation. At low gas velocity, the effect of liquid velocity was insignificant; while at high gas velocity, increasing liquid velocity decreased the gas holdup. Drift flux approach was applied to quantify the combined effect of liquid and gas velocities over gas holdup. For co-current three phase flows, the gas holdup decreased with increase in solid loading for all pressures. But for batch operations, when solid loading was 5% or more, settling started leading to higher gas holdup. Increasing pressure from atmospheric conditions increased the gas holdup significantly, flattening asymptotically. 相似文献
55.
Bansi L Raina Shri G Agarwal Ashok K Bhatia Govind S Gaur 《Journal of the science of food and agriculture》1996,71(1):27-32
Significant variations were observed in the concentration of pigments (10·0–17·0%, moisture-free basis) and flavour components during different post-harvest processing conditions of saffron (stigmas ex Crocus sativus L). The crocin pigments concentration was highest (15–17%) in the saffron samples dried between 35°C and 50°C either in a solar dryer or in an oven dryer and this also resulted in considerable reduction of normal drying time. Under these conditions the main flavouring component, safranal, was at its peak value of 60% in the oil in almost all the samples except the vacuum oven dried samples which interestingly contained 4-β-hydroxysafranal in major amounts. Studies indicated that 4-β-hydroxysafranal may be an intermediate in the formation of safranal. It was observed that prolonged storage affected the pigments and flavour concentration to a great extent, but proper packaging and storage with 5% moisture in the saffron reduced the deterioration, thereby increasing the shelflife of the product. 相似文献
56.
Ashok Pandey 《Starch - St?rke》1992,44(2):75-77
A laboratory process was established for the production of glucoamylase (amyloglucosidase) enzyme by Aspergillus niger (RRL isolate), using wheat bran of mixed particle size as main carbon source in solid cultures. The experimental studies were carried out in 500 ml conical flasks and subsequently in tray fermenters in static conditions. Experiments were conducted to monitor the impact of initial moisture content of the substrate as well as the steam cooking of the substrate on different atmospheric pressure on the productivity of the enzyme. An initial moisture level of 50–55% was found optimum for glucoamylase production when fermentation was carried out for 96h. Cooking of substrate at 1056 kg/cm2 under steam for 30 min gave most desirable qualities in substrate. 相似文献
57.
Blends of EPDM and chlorobutyl (CIIR) rubbers are used in nuclear plants where they have to withstand the combined effect of radiation and hydrocarbon aging. To improve their mechanical properties as well as hydrocarbon and gamma radiation resistance, the blends are reinforced with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 phr of MWCNT. The increase in mechanical properties was highest for 1.5 phr MWCNT with 69% increase in tensile strength. The improvement in properties was correlated to MWCNT dispersion and filler–polymer interactions, which were confirmed by TEM and FTIR analysis. Hydrocarbon transport coefficients decreased on addition of MWCNT. The nanocomposites were exposed to 0.5, 1, and 2 MGy cumulative doses of gamma radiation. Depending on the radiation dose, crosslinking and/or chain scission occurred causes changes in physical properties. MWCNT reinforcement reduced the magnitude of changes in mechanical and transport properties after γ-irradiation. ESR and FTIR spectra provided qualitative information on free radical formation and chemical changes due to γ-rays exposure. To further enhance the properties, hybrid nanocomposites with 1.5 phr MWCNT and varying nanoclay contents (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 5 phr) were prepared. Due to synergism between MWCNT and nanoclay, the hybrid composites had superior properties with hybrid containing 5 phr nanoclay giving 98% increase in tensile strength. 相似文献
58.
Govindarajan Konda Naganathan Lauren M. Grimes Jeyamkondan Subbiah Chris R. Calkins Ashok Samal George E. Meyer 《Sensing and Instrumentation for Food Quality and Safety》2008,2(3):178-188
Tenderness is a primary determinant of consumer satisfaction of beef steaks. The objective of this study was to implement
and test near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging to forecast 14-day aged, cooked beef tenderness from the hyperspectral
images of fresh ribeye steaks (n = 319) acquired at 3–5 day post-mortem. A pushbroom hyperspectral imaging system (wavelength range: 900–1700 nm) with a diffuse-flood
lighting system was developed. After imaging, steaks were vacuum-packaged and aged until 14 days postmortem. After aging,
the samples were cooked and slice shear force (SSF) values were collected as a tenderness reference. After reflectance calibration,
a Region-of-Interest (ROI) of 150 × 300 pixels at the center of longissimus muscle was selected. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was carried out on each ROI image to reduce the dimension along
the spectral axis. Gray-level textural co-occurrence matrix analysis with two quantization levels (64 and 256) was conducted
on the PLSR bands to extract second-order statistical textural features. These features were then used in a canonical discriminant
model to predict three beef tenderness categories, namely tender (SSF ≤ 205.80 N), intermediate (205.80 N < SSF < 254.80 N),
and tough (SSF ≥ 254.80 N). The model with a quantization level of 256 performed better than the one with a quantization level
of 64. This model correctly classified 242 out of 314 samples with an overall accuracy of 77.0%. Fat, protein, and water absorption
bands were identified between 900 and 1700 nm. Our results show that NIR hyperspectral imaging holds promise as an instrument
for forecasting beef tenderness. 相似文献
59.
Anoop K. Mukhopadhyay Keshaw D. Joshi Arjun Dey Riya Chakraborty Ashok K. Mandal Amit Rav Jiten Ghosh Sandip Bysakh Sampad K. Biswas Satish C. Gupta 《Ceramics International》2011,37(7):2365-2376
Shock recovered samples of a coarse grain (10 μm), high density (>99.9% theoretical) alumina from asymmetric impact tests conducted at 6.5 GPa (e.g. 3.2 times its Hugoniot Elastic Limit) in a single stage gas gun and characterized by X-ray diffractometry, scanning and field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy showed prolific presence of reduced crystallite size, higher average microstrain, grain localized micro/nano-scale deformations, micro-cleavages, grain-boundary microcracks, micro-wing crack formation, extensive shear induced deformations and fractures localized at grains, grain boundaries and triple grain junctions, grain localized entanglement of dislocations and their pile up impeded at grain boundaries. A new qualitative model based on micro-shear and micro-twist induced deformation and fracture in single and/or multiple planes in suitably oriented grain and/or grain assembly was developed to explain the experimentally observed damage evolution process. 相似文献
60.
One of the most promising technologies for lightweight, compact, portable power generation is proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. PEM fuel cells, however, require a source of pure hydrogen. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons in an integrated membrane reactor has potential to provide pure hydrogen in a compact system. Continuous separation of product hydrogen from the reforming gas mixture is expected to increase the yield of hydrogen significantly as predicted by model simulations. In the laboratory-scale experimental studies reported here steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, butane, methanol and Clearlite® was conducted to produce pure hydrogen in a single step membrane reformer using commercially available Pd–Ag foil membranes and reforming/WGS catalysts. All of the experimental results demonstrated increase in hydrocarbon conversion due to hydrogen separation when compared with the hydrocarbon conversion without any hydrogen separation. Increase in hydrogen recovery was also shown to result in corresponding increase in hydrocarbon conversion in these studies demonstrating the basic concept. The experiments also provided insight into the effect of individual variables such as pressure, temperature, gas space velocity, and steam to carbon ratio. Steam reforming of butane was found to be limited by reaction kinetics for the experimental conditions used: catalysts used, average gas space velocity, and the reactor characteristics of surface area to volume ratio. Steam reforming of methanol in the presence of only WGS catalyst on the other hand indicated that the membrane reactor performance was limited by membrane permeation, especially at lower temperatures and lower feed pressures due to slower reconstitution of CO and H2 into methane thus maintaining high hydrogen partial pressures in the reacting gas mixture. The limited amount of data collected with steam reforming of Clearlite® indicated very good match between theoretical predictions and experimental results indicating that the underlying assumption of the simple model of conversion of hydrocarbons to CO and H2 followed by equilibrium reconstitution to methane appears to be reasonable one. 相似文献