Design Criteria for Cost-Effective Broad-Band Absorber-Lined Chambers for EMS Measurements

The problem considered here concerns simulating the electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic susceptibility (EMS) measurements over a wide frequency range. Means of bridging the existing gap between low-and high-frequency techniques are suggested by extending the use of anechoic-type chambers downward in frequency. Results of measurements over a wide frequency range are presented to demonstrate the behavior of such absorber-lined chambers (ALC's). Basic criteria and guidelines for the design of ALC's are proposed.     

Highly Efficient Quasi 2D Blue Perovskite Electroluminescence Leveraging a Dual Ligand Composition

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are advancing because of their superior external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) and color purity. Still, additional work is needed for blue PeLEDs to achieve the same benchmarks as the other visible colors. This study demonstrates an extremely efficient blue PeLED with a 488 nm peak emission, a maximum luminance of 8600 cd m⁻², and a maximum EQE of 12.2% by incorporating the double-sided ethane-1,2-diammonium bromide (EDBr₂) ligand salt along with the long-chain ligand methylphenylammonium chloride (MeCl). The EDBr₂ successfully improves the interaction between 2D perovskite layers by reducing the weak van der Waals interaction and creating a Dion–Jacobson (DJ) structure. Whereas the pristine sample (without EDBr₂) is inhibited by small stacking number (n) 2D phases with nonradiative recombination regions that diminish the PeLED performance, adding EDBr₂ successfully enables better energy transfer from small n phases to larger n phases. As evidenced by photoluminescence (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization, EDBr₂ improves the morphology by reduction of pinholes and passivation of defects, subsequently improving the efficiencies and operational lifetimes of quasi-2D blue PeLEDs.     

Countermeasures for Primary User Emulation Attack: A Comprehensive Review

Wireless Personal Communications - Cognitive radio (CR) is a flexible wireless network that can solve the scarcity and underutilization problem of the spectrum by permitting unlicensed users to...     

Targeting Efficiency and Biodistribution of Zoledronate Conjugated Docetaxel Loaded Pegylated PBCA Nanoparticles for Bone Metastasis

In an attempt to improve tumor localization of docetaxel (DTX)‐loaded nanoparticles (NPs), zoledronic acid (ZOL) is used as a ligand to target bone metastasis. DTX‐loaded ZOL‐conjugated polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated polybutyl cyanoacrylate (PBCA) NPs are prepared using an anionic polymerization technique. PBCA‐PEG‐ZOL NPs are subjected to cytotoxic assay in both BO2 and MCF‐7 cell lines. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by the PBCA‐PEG‐ZOL NPs are studied. Quantitative cellular uptake, NP uptake route characterization, confocal microscopy and IPP/ApppI levels are performed. PBCA‐PEG‐ZOL NPs show an enhanced cytotoxic effect in both BO2 as well as MCF‐7 cell lines due to higher uptake following ZOL‐mediated endocytosis. The molecular basis of apoptosis reveals the involvement of a cytoplasmic protein in activating the programmed cell death pathway. Route characterization studies reveal that PBCA‐PEG‐ZOL NPs uptake is not completely blocked even by using both inhibitors (genistein and phenyl arsinoxide) simultaneously, conferring that uptake is not entirely based upon clathrin or caveolae. PBCA‐PEG‐ZOL NPs showed 7 and 5.3 times increase in IPP and ApppI production, in comparison to ZOL treatment, and 138 times higher than the control group in MCF‐7 cell line. In BO2 cell line, after treatment with NPs, IPP was 5.35 times higher than ZOL solution. No ApppI in BO2 cell line after treatment with NPs and ZOL solution was found. NP distribution in tumor infected bone is also significantly high in comparison to the normal bone at any time point. It is concluded that ZOL‐conjugated NPs provide an efficient and targeted delivery of DTX, with synergistic effects. Thus, these NPs present a promising treatment in the near future, by actively targeting metastatic tumor.     

Effect of Colloidal Silver on Optical Transmittance Characteristics of Bulk Cadmium Zinc Telluride Crystals

Colloidal silver is observed to affect the transmittance of p-type Cd_1−y Zn _y Te (CZT) single-crystal substrate material at room temperature. The optical transmittance spectra have been analyzed in the near-infrared (NIR) and mid-infrared (MIR) regions. The transmittance characteristics of CZT showed significant reduction in absorption due to split-off valance band transitions in the NIR region and intervalence band absorption in the MIR region upon coating CZT substrates with silver paste. This reduction in absorption has been explained to be due to the compensation of the acceptor defects (native and foreign). Silver atoms incorporated from the silver coating help in compensation of these defects. A similar effect on transmittance characteristics of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) epilayers grown on CZT substrates after coating silver paste on the CZT substrate side was also observed. An improvement in the transmittance of CZT substrates after the application of silver paste was observed. A similar improvement in transmittance is usually achieved by annealing the substrates in a Cd/Zn atmosphere. The results are explained by considering the formation of neutral complexes of acceptors (cadmium vacancies) and the interstitial silver. This study also points to the important conclusion that silver paste on CZT should be applied with caution for measurement purposes since it diffuses even at room temperature and modifies the optical characteristics.     

Design of a Variable Depth Axially Corrugated Horn Antenna at X-Band for Low Cross-Polarization Applications

Wireless Personal Communications - This paper presents a study of a class of iris localization algorithms in the presence of blurring. The effect of blurring is a serious problem in most image...     

Analysis of a two unit standby system with partial failure and two types of repairs

A two dissimiliar unit standby system is analysed. The priority unit can either be in normal or partial operative mode. When the unit fails from the partial mode, it undergoes minor repair and the unit becomes operative with different failure rate. If this unit fails again, it goes to major repair after which it works as good as new. The standby unit while in use is either operative or failed. This non priority unit fails without passing through the partial failure mode and undergoes only one type of repair with different repair time distribution. Failure and repair time distributions are negative exponential and general respectively. Regenerative technique in MRP is applied to obtain several reliability characteristics of interest to system designers.     

Optimal allocation of cost to detectors in a two-unit series system

A two-unit series system, in which each unit is equipped with a separate detector to detect failure, is considered. The probability that a detector operates successfully at the time of need (i.e. when system fails) is a function of cost spent on the detector. The problem is that of allocation of total resources (cost) to the two detectors such that the overall expected profit is maximized. The optimization problem has been formulated. Two examples are included to show the uses of results.