85Kr测厚源制备及焊接性能分析

为保证⁸⁵Kr测厚源的密封质量,通过⁸⁵Kr测厚源结构设计、焊接工艺参数优化,制备合格的⁸⁵Kr测厚源。铜管与壳体的连接采用真空钎焊工艺,钎焊温度约900 ℃,时间约30 min;源窗与壳体的连接采用电子束焊工艺,焊接电流7 mA,焊接转速13 mm/s;源后盖与壳体的连接采用激光焊工艺,焊接功率180~185 W,焊接速度2 mm/s。测厚源检验结果表明,所制备的85Kr测厚源,氦质谱检漏结果小于1.0×10^-9 Pa·m³·s^-1,放射性气体检验不超过4 kBq/24 h,符合GB/T 15849—1995中“其他射气检验方法”要求。金相实验结果表明,采用优化参数试样的焊缝中未发现明显的裂纹、未焊透、未熔合等缺陷,最大焊接熔深约0.73 mm。     

湿式摩擦片制动性能试验分析

通过对湿式摩擦片制动性能试验,测得最大制动扭矩平均值和滑动摩擦扭矩平均值,并与设计的额定制动力矩对比和分析,同时对湿式摩擦片制动器结构、制动原理进行分析,整机坡道制动性能分析等多种方法来判定其制动性能的合理性和可靠性。     

Impacts of Sewers on Groundwater Quality

This paper summarizes the findings of a recent research project on groundwater contamination from leaking sewers, which was completed for the Construction Industry Research and Information Association. Fifty-four incidents were identified in England and Wales from a combined questionnaire survey and literature review. In addition to recorded incidents, the poor quality of many urban groundwaters suggests some effects from leaking sewers. Age is considered to be the most significant characteristic governing leakage from sewers; ground conditions (predominantly aquifer vulnerability) and usage (private versus public ownership) are also important factors relating to the likelihood of groundwater pollution from leaking sewers. Recommended strategies for reducing groundwater contamination include (a) modification of existing criteria for the service performance grading of existing sewers, (b) improved construction of new sewers in appropriate areas, (c) increased groundwater monitoring, and (d) risk assessments for new groundwater sources.     

DERIVING UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL CATCHMENTS

An examination of 190 storm events in seventeen small Northern Ireland catchments, along lines developed by the UK Institute of Hydrology, shows that the time-to-peak of the instantaneous unit hydrograph can be estimated from catchment characteristics and from the time between the centroid of mass of a flood-producing rainfall event and of the resulting peak flow, but that equations calibrated on British data overestimate the time-to-peak. This might be due to the distinctive hydrology of Northern Ireland.     

瓦斯抽采钻孔水射流协同修护技术研究与应用

瓦斯抽采钻孔普遍存在因变形、煤渣积聚及塌孔等导致钻孔堵塞和抽采效果差的问题。通过分析钻孔塌堵失稳机制,得出煤岩体性质、地质构造及多应力耦合条件是造成钻孔失稳的主要因素,进而推断相应堵孔段情形。利用高压水射流解堵作用,提出了水射流疏通—筛管护孔协同修护技术,并研制出轻型气动钻孔修复装备。应用结果表明,该协同修护技术能有效解决瓦斯抽采钻孔塌堵后无法有效抽采的技术难题,试验钻孔修护深度达到50 m,修护完成后单孔抽采瓦斯浓度和瓦斯纯流量比修复前提高0.57~3.67倍和0.99~5.15倍,抽采效果大幅改善,实现了塌堵钻孔的快速便捷修复进而确保了瓦斯流动通道的畅通。     

金川全尾砂新型充填胶凝材料激发剂配比与力学特性研究

针对金川全尾砂充填料,采用石灰、脱硫灰渣、芒硝和NaOH复合激发矿渣微粉,开展全尾砂新型充填胶凝材料试验。首先进行全尾砂物化特性分析,然后开展胶结充填体强度正交试验,最后以试验数据为学习样本,利用神经网络模型进行胶凝材料激发剂配比学习,获得充填胶凝材料激发剂配比的隐含知识。在此基础上,进行不同激发配比胶结充填体强度预测分析,由此揭示充填体强度和激发剂的关系,获得了激发剂最优配比。结果表明,在相同条件下,全尾砂充填胶凝材料胶结充填体强度是32.5R水泥强度的2倍以上,而成本仅为水泥的2/3。但金川矿山采用下向分层胶结充填法开采,全尾砂充填胶凝材料仍不能满足充填体1.5MPa的3d设计强度,有待于进一步开展其早强特性试验研究。     

Burnley Sewage-Treatment Works: Design and Operation of a High-Rate Nitrifying Filter

The paper deals with the planning, construction, operation and performance of the purpose-built nitrifying filter from its commissioning in August 1986 to the present day. Burnley sewage-treatment works consists of inlet screens, Dorr detritors, primary sedimentation tanks, surface-aeration activated sludge units, and final settlement; sludge is digested and tankered to farmland.
The filter was designed and built following the closure of several local works and subsequent diversion of flows to Burnley. It was realized that the increased volume from the extended Burnley works would reduce the dilution of the effluent by the River Calder. This would result in a deterioration in the quality of the river. As a consequence an ammonia standard of 14 mg/l was imposed on the works following the completion of the nitrifying filter.     

Desalination: the State of the Art

Desalination technology is applied in many areas of the world to provide fresh water from brackish or seawater sources. The paper reviews the technology which is available and discusses both distillation and membrane processes. Indications of capital and operating costs are provided.     

Tradeable Rights for Water Abstraction

The Environment Agency has a statutory duty to secure the proper use of water resources, which is now considered inter alia to include an economically efficient allocation of resources as far as is possible within the current legislation. This paper considers the practical extent to which water rights can be traded within the existing system of regulation as a means of (a) improving the economic efficiency of resource allocation, and (b) satisfying customer demand for additional supplies. Outline proposals are also made for deregulation of current legislation to encourage further trading through less restrictive regulation.     

The Use of Different Conveyance Calculations for Modelling Flows in a Compact Compound Channel

Flow measurements have been taken for steady and unsteady flows on a reach of a river having a compact compound channel. The 'single channel', 'divided channel' and 'lateral' distribution methods have been used to calculate conveyances for use in a one-dimensional unsteady flow model of the reach. Comparisons with measured flows show that the divided channel method and the lateral distribution method both underestimate floodplain flow depths. The lateral distribution method gives the closest accuracy in the relative depth range 0.15 ≤ Yr < 0.40. For large flow depths the single channel method becomes more accurate and slightly over-estimates flow depths.
The accuracy of unit width discharge distributions, calculated from the lateral distribution method are assessed by comparison with observed distributions for overbank flows.