A comprehensive 2-D inductance modeling approach for VLSI interconnects: frequency-dependent extraction and compact circuit model synthesis

Although three-dimensional (3-D) partial inductance modeling costs have decreased with stable, sparse approximations of the inductance matrix and its inverse, 3-D models are still intractable when applied to full chip timing or crosstalk analysis. The 3-D partial inductance matrix (or its inverse) is too large to be extracted or simulated when power-grid cross-sections are made wide to capture proximity effect and wires are discretized finely to capture skin effect. Fortunately, 3-D inductance models are unnecessary in VLSI interconnect analysis. Because return currents follow interconnect wires, long interconnect wires can be accurately modeled as two-dimensional (2-D) transmission lines and frequency-dependent loop impedances extracted using 2-D methods . Furthermore, this frequency dependence can be approximated with compact circuit models for both uncoupled and coupled lines. Three-dimensional inductance models are only necessary to handle worst case effects such as simultaneous switching in the end regions. This paper begins by explaining and defending the 2-D modeling approach. It then extends the extraction algorithm to efficiently include distant return paths. Finally, a novel synthesis technique is described that approximates the frequency-dependent series impedance of VLSI interconnects with compact circuit models suitable for timing and noise analysis.     

基于余弦距离的多目标粒子群优化算法

针对粒子群优化算法具有的个体分布不均匀以及重复个体较多等缺陷,提出了一种基于余弦距离的多目标粒子群优化算法,该算法根据外部精英存储策略,利用余弦距离排挤机制来选取最分散的粒子,扩大 Pareto最优解集的收敛性和多样性,增强算法的全局寻优能力。通过采用标准多目标优化问题ZDTl～ZDT3进行仿真实验与粒子群算法、混沌粒子群算法、基于拥挤距离的多目标优化算法对比表明,该算法在Pareto前沿的收敛性和多样性方面均优于基于拥挤距离排挤机制,并具有较高的效率     

Electromagnetic modeling of waveguides involving finite-sizedielectric regions

A moment method for handling arbitrarily shaped 2-D and 3-D waveguides that involve either conductors, finite-size dielectric regions, or both is presented. A procedure for modeling the dielectric allows 2-D rooftop functions to represent both the 3-D polarization current in the dielectric and the surface current on the conductors, and precludes the presence of fictitious charge within the dielectric. Examples include coaxial, microstrip, and dielectric waveguides. Numerical convergence, consistency with physical principles, and agreement with the literature are demonstrated     

Understanding Local and Macroscopic Electron Mobilities in the Fullerene Network of Conjugated Polymer‐based Solar Cells: Time‐Resolved Microwave Conductivity and Theory

The efficiency of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics is sensitive to the morphology of the fullerene network that transports electrons through the device. This sensitivity makes it difficult to distinguish the contrasting roles of local electron mobility (how easily electrons can transfer between neighboring fullerene molecules) and macroscopic electron mobility (how well‐connected is the fullerene network on device length scales) in solar cell performance. In this work, a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) experiments, and space‐charge‐limit current (SCLC) mobility estimates are used to examine the roles of local and macroscopic electron mobility in conjugated polymer/fullerene BHJ photovoltaics. The local mobility of different pentaaryl fullerene derivatives (so‐called ‘shuttlecock’ molecules) is similar, so that differences in solar cell efficiency and SCLC mobilities result directly from the different propensities of these molecules to self‐assemble on macroscopic length scales. These experiments and calculations also demonstrate that the local mobility of phenyl‐C₆₀ butyl methyl ester (PCBM) is an order of magnitude higher than that of other fullerene derivatives, explaining why PCBM has been the acceptor of choice for conjugated polymer BHJ devices even though it does not form an optimal macroscopic network. The DFT calculations indicate that PCBM's superior local mobility comes from the near‐spherical nature of its molecular orbitals, which allow strong electronic coupling between adjacent molecules. In combination, DFT and TRMC techniques provide a tool for screening new fullerene derivatives for good local mobility when designing new molecules that can improve on the macroscopic electron mobility offered by PCBM.     

人体防护装备用碳化硼抗弹陶瓷应用探析

碳化硼(B₄C)陶瓷具有高强度、高耐磨、高硬度和低密度的“三高一低”特性,是最理想的装甲陶瓷材料。针对人体防护装备对高性能、轻量化抗弹陶瓷的应用需求,综述了B₄C抗弹陶瓷的应用研究进展。分析了抗弹陶瓷防弹性能影响因素,综合比较了各种烧结工艺的优缺点,总结了烧结助剂体系和陶瓷增韧技术途径,并对B₄C抗弹陶瓷应用中面临的挑战与发展需求进行了展望。     

Performance Analysis for a Terminal-Priority Contentionless Access Algorithm for Multiple-Access Communications

We consider a multiple-access broadcast communication channel which serves a network of terminals, each characterized by a distinct priority level. Higher priority terminals require, on the average, faster access across the communication channel than lower priority ones. We present a terminal priority contentionless access (TPCA) control scheme for sharing such a channel on a conflict-free basis. A ready terminal wishing to access the channel will wait for the channel to become idle, and then defer its access untill after higher priority terminals are given the opportunity to transmit. The model accounts for acquisition delays (including propagation and timearound delay components), idle detection times, multipacket message structures and different arrival intensities at different terminals, Analytical results are derived for the moments and transform of the message waiting-time distribution at each network terminal by relating the waiting times in our model to those in an appropriateM/G/1queue with HOL (head of the line) priorities. Performance curves are presented under varirous system parameter conditions which correspond to applications involving digital radio local distribution systems and metropolitan-area, packet radio, and local-area communicatiton networks.     

Multiple sclerosis and measles: a study of cellular sensitization

Lymphocyte sensitization to measles has been studied in comparable groups of multiple sclerosis, other neurologic disease and normal subjects. The macrophage electrophoretic mobility test has been used. No difference between the three groups has been found, though there is a small group of children with obscure neurological disease which might well be multiple sclerosis and which fails to mount an adequate response to measles. The role of measles (and other banal infections) in aetiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is briefly discussed.     

Geotrichum septicemia

Although disseminated geotrichosis is an unusual disease (to our knowledge, only six cases have been reported), Geotrichum candidum is not a very virulent fungus. In our case, there was neutrophillic phagocytosis of the arthrosphores of G candidum, with rapid clearance of the fungus from the plasma of a chronically ill patient whose immune defenses were still intact.