Low molecular weight heparin

Leadership skills are necessary no matter what work you are doing. This article explores some controversial aspects of leadership for clinical professionals.     

Attenuation compensation for cardiac single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging: Part 1. Impact of attenuation and methods of estimating attenuation maps

Attenuation is believed to be one of the major causes of false-positive cardiac single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) perfusion images. This article reviews the physics of attenuation, the artifacts produced by attenuation, and the need for scatter correction in combination with attenuation correction. The review continues with a comparison of the various configurations for transmission imaging that could be used to estimate patient specific attenuation maps, and an overview of how these are being developed for use on multiheaded SPECT systems, including discussions of truncation, noise, and spatial resolution of the estimated attenuation maps. Ways of estimating patient specific attenuation maps besides transmission imaging are also discussed.     

Use of lectins to characterize plasma membrane preparations from boar spermatozoa: a novel technique for monitoring membrane purity and quantity

The object of this study was to develop a method to quantify the amount of outer acrosomal membrane material in isolated plasma membranes from boar sperm cells. The cells were fractionated by nitrogen cavitation, and plasma membranes were isolated by subsequent differential centrifugation steps. Marker enzyme measurement showed that the plasma membrane isolates were enriched in plasma membrane markers and did not contain nuclei, inner acrosomal membranes, or mitochondria. Since there is no marker enzyme known for the outer acrosomal membrane, lectins were used for the detection of this membrane. The membrane specificity of a number of lectin conjugates was tested with fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Membrane binding of these lectin conjugates was quantified with flow-cytometry and an enzyme-linked lectin binding assay. Wheat germ agglutinin was specific for the plasma membrane while peanut agglutinin was specific for the outer acrosomal membrane. The use of these lectins made it possible for the first time to discriminate between these two membranes. The isolated plasma membrane fraction was enriched more than 10-fold (17-fold after further purification by a sucrose gradient) in plasma membrane material compared to outer acrosomal membrane material. Highly purified sperm plasma membranes should prove to be useful for research on primary sperm-zona interactions.     

Support for school-based sexuality education among South Carolina voters

A random-digit dialed telephone survey was conducted in a traditionally conservative southern state to determine the level of support for sexuality education in the public schools including support for specific sexuality education topics, the earliest grade level at which each topic should be taught, and the amount of instruction time required for sexuality education in the high schools. Survey data were obtained from 534 South Carolina registered voters in late January/early February 1997. Results demonstrated that most South Carolina registered voters: 1) supported sexuality education in the public schools; 2) supported instruction on a variety of sexuality education topics; 3) supported instruction at all grade levels, especially beginning in middle school; and 4) believed instruction time for sexuality education in the high schools should either remain the same or be increased. In addition, a significant increase in support for sexuality education occurred from the beginning of the survey to the end, suggesting that the instrument itself may have served as an educational tool for respondents. The characteristics of registered voters who supported sexuality education at the beginning of the survey and at the end were examined and compared. These results may assist in the development of educational and marketing strategies designed to build support for school-based sexuality education programs in South Carolina and elsewhere.     

Evaluation of intranasal zinc sulfate treatment on olfactory discrimination in rats

The effects of intranasal syringing with 5% zinc sulfate were assessed in rats trained in a wind-tunnel olfactometer to detect the presence of an odor or to discriminate odors of graded intensities. The syringing produced a severe but brief interference in olfactory performance. Full recovery of detection performance occurred within 72 hr after treatment. Initial recovery of odor intensity discrimination occurred in 2-8 days and full recovery within 8-10 days. These results suggest that intranasal syringing with ZnSO4 is not an adequate control for the effects of anosmia produced by olfactory bulbectomy.     

Inhibition and axial deviation of limb regeneration in the newt by means of a digit implanted into the amputated limb

This research was designed to follow up the observation of Thornton and Kraemer ('51) that regressed, denervated limbs of Ambystoma larvae will not regenerate upon reinnervation if all digits on the limbs were not completely resorbed. The object of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of an apical structure, protruding past the amputation surface, would affect the regenerative process. Both forearms of adult newts were amputated midway between the elbow and the wrist. One limb served as a normal regeneration control, and in the other limb the third digit from the removed hand was implanted in place of the removed radius, so that the three distal phalangeal segments protruded past the plane of amputation. Blastema formation in the experimental limbs was delayed by several weeks as compared with control limbs. Approximately one third of the experimental limbs did not regenerate. The regenerates that did form were strongly deviated (45-90 degrees) radially from the longitudinal axis of the limb. Experimental analysis showed that the delay in regeneration is due largely to the projecting part of the digit. The radial deviation of the regenerates is not due to the digital implant, but rather to the removal of the radius. Trauma alone does not account for this phenomenon.     

Glomerular adaptations to chronic dietary salt restriction or excess

Micropuncture studies were performed in 33 Munich-Wistar rats maintained chronically either on dietary NaCl restriction (group 1) or excess (group 2). Values for single nephron (SN) and total kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were identical in both groups. Nevertheless, because of preferential efferent vasoconstriction, glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (PGC) was higher in group 1, offsetting the lower initial glomerular plasma flow rate (QA) also found in group 1. The pressor response to infusion of exogenous angiotensin II (AII) was less in group 1 than in group 2, suggesting that vascular receptors for AII may have been occupied by endogenous hormone, the latter leading to the efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction. In addition to AII, prostaglandins also appear to be involved in the adaptations of the glomerular microcirculation to chronic variations in salt intake. In group 1, indomethacin or meclofenamate infusion mimicked exogenous AII, causing declines in QA and SNGFR. These changes were lacking in group 2. Because of relative contraction of plasma volume, the vasodilatory effects of prostaglandins appear to be needed in low salt animals to sustain SNGFR and QA. In the high salt group, however, since plasma volume is not contracted, maintenance of SNGFR and QA appears to be less critically dependent on endogenous prostaglandins.