Legal framework of postgraduate nursing education in spain

Being part of the first report of the SEEIUC Forum on the training of nurses in critical care units, this article shows the different postgraduation training paths which Spanish legislation establishes. The "Titulos Oficiales de Especialización Profesional" ("Official Degrees on Professional Specialization") settle the seven nursing specialties regulated by the Decreto 992/1987. Following a second path, "Titulos de Postgraduado no Oficiales" ("Non-official postgraduation degrees"), every University acknowledged by the LRU and creating them as their Own Degrees, may organize Master courses, University experts, University specialists and Postgraduation university degrees, according to their autonomy. So that this autonomous offer is as homogeneous as possible, there is an interuniversity agreement which encompasses 24 national universities and gathers the general criteria for the academic organization of such courses. The report is completed by an analysis of the training offer for critical care nursing, developed during the 1995/1996 course in Spain.     

Magnito-, electro- and echocardiography in detecting symptoms of the "hypertensive heart"

The study compared diagnostic potential of magnetocardiography (MCG), electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (echo-CG) in 18 patients with arterial hypertension (AH). 32 healthy males served as control. Elements of MCG from normal subjects have been analyzed morphologically in 36 points of precordial leads. Left ventricular hypertrophy was registered at echo-CG, MCG, ECG in 11 (61%), 16 (84%) and 7 (34%) of the AH patients, respectively. Left atrial hypertrophy was discovered primarily by echo-CG and MCG. Defects in ventricular repolarization were recorded by MCg in 7 (39%) patients basing on MCG, echo-CG and rarely ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. MCG is recommended as an effective tool in diagnosis of "hypertensive heart".     

The use of Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine mixed with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine in Gambian infants

In preparation for an efficacy trial of PRP-T Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine, 251 Gambian infants were randomized to receive three doses of PRP-T and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines at 2, 3 and 4 months of age, either by separate injections, or combined in the same syringe. One month after the third dose, there was no difference between anti-PRP levels in those infants who received the vaccines separately (GMT 5.83 micrograms ml-1), and those who received the vaccines combined (GMT 5.57 micrograms ml-1). The proportions achieving levels of 1.0 microgram ml-1 were 89% and 92% in the "separate" and "combined" vaccine groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups in levels of antibody to diphtheria or tetanus. Geometric mean titres of antibody directed against pertussis antigens in the "separate" and "combined" groups were as follows: pertussis toxin 14.2 and 13.1 ELISA units (EU) ml-1; filamentous haemagglutinin 12.2 and 9.7 EU ml-1; pertactin 17.2 and 9.0 EU ml-1 (P < 0.05), fimbrial 2/3 antigens 449 and 364 EU ml-1. The combination of PRP-T and DTP in the syringe prior to administration is safe and immunogenic. The lower levels of anti-pertussis antibody are of unknown clinical significance.     

The lactulose breath hydrogen test and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

OBJECTIVES: To i) document the sensitivity and specificity of a combined scintigraphic/lactulose breath hydrogen test for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and ii) investigate the validity of currently accepted definitions of an abnormal lactulose breath hydrogen test based on "double peaks" in breath hydrogen concentrations. METHODS: Twenty-eight subjects were investigated with culture of proximal small intestinal aspirate and a 10-g lactulose breath hydrogen test combined with scintigraphy. Gastroduodenal pH, the presence or absence of gastric bacterial overgrowth, and the in vitro capability of overgrowth flora to ferment lactulose were determined. RESULTS: Sensitivity (16.7%) and specificity (70.0%) of the lactulose breath hydrogen test alone for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth were poor. Combination with scintigraphy resulted in 100% specificity, because double peaks in serial breath hydrogen concentrations may occur as a result of lactulose fermentation by cecal bacteria. Sensitivity increased to 38.9% with scintigraphy, because a single rise in breath hydrogen concentrations, commencing before the test meal reaches the cecum, may occur in this disorder. Sensitivity remained suboptimal irrespective of the definition of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth used, the nature of the overgrowth flora, favorable luminal pH, the presence of concurrent gastric bacterial overgrowth, or the in vitro ability of the overgrowth flora to ferment lactulose. CONCLUSIONS: Definitions of an abnormal lactulose breath hydrogen test based on the occurrence of double peaks in breath hydrogen concentrations are inappropriate. Not even the addition of scintigraphy renders this test a clinically useful alternative to culture of aspirate for diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.     

Hernia survey of the Section on Surgery of the American Academy of Pediatrics

The members of the Section on Surgery of the American Academy of Pediatrics were surveyed to determine the practice of North American pediatric surgeons in infants with inguinal hernia (IH). Case-scenario multiple-choice-design questionnaires regarding hernias and hydroceles were sent to all members of the Surgical Section, and responses were received from 292 (50%). In healthy full-term infant boys with asymptomatic reducible IH, 82% of responders perform repair electively, no matter what the age or weight. In full-term girls with a reducible ovary, 59% perform surgery at the next available time; if the ovary is nonreducible but asymptomatic, 44% operate emergently or urgently and 42% at the next elective slot. In former preemies, the pattern of repair is as follows. (1) For those recently discharged after 2 months in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with reducible IH, 65% perform the repair when convenient. (2) A general anesthetic is used in 70%; 15% use spinal anesthesia, and 11% use caudal block with sedation. (3) If the repair is done in the hospital outpatient (same-day) unit, 36% wait until 50 weeks postconception (PC) and 33% wait until 60 weeks PC. (4) if the baby's weight is at least 1,000 g. 71% perform the repair before discharge. The pain control choice after childhood IH repair is Tylenol for 30%, local infiltration biquivacaine for 30%, caudal block for 22%, regional block for 11%, and Tylenol/codeine combined for 7%. In 6-week-old full-term infants with communicating hydroceles without definite "hernia," two thirds treat as an IH with elective repair as soon as possible. With respect to contralateral exploration in infants with unilateral IH, 65% perform it in males if they are < or = 2 years of age and 84% use it in females of up to 4 years of age. This approach is not influenced by presenting side, presence of hydrocele, or history of prematurity. Laparoscopic evaluation of the contralateral IH is performed by only 6% of responders, 40% of whom use the open ipsilateral sac for laparoscope introduction.     

The morphological mechanism of the development of myosatellitocytes from the structural elements of the muscle fiber during increased functional activity of the skeletal muscles

Under increased muscular activity in some muscular fibers disintegration areas of myofibrillar apparatus has been revealed. Migration of myonuclei into these microregions starts the mechanism of their segregation due to plasmolemma produced from the reticulum sarcoplasmaticum and triad systems surface. After plasmolemma production in "sarcocytes" intensive development and differentiation of organellae occur. As a result of differentiation "sarcocytes" transform in to myosatellitocytes of type-2 and migrate under lamina externa muscular fibers. So, a hypothesis about formation of myogenic tissue's cellular phase from the myosymplastic one has been confirmed.     

Definition of inseparably fused ventricular myocardium in thoracopagus: fetal echocardiographic utility and pathologic refinement

Correlative echocardiographic and pathological findings in a thoracopagus with conjoined hearts are reported. One twin had tricuspid atresia with discordant atrioventricular connections and concordant ventriculoarterial connections. The morphologic right ventricle was hypoplastic and there was a large muscular ventricular septal defect. The other twin had hypoplasia of the mitral valve anulus and left ventricle with double-outlet right ventricle and pulmonary valve atresia. The tricuspid valve was severely insufficient in part because of a large orifice and redundant, elongated leaflets with abnormal chordal attachments. The left ventricles of these two twins shared a perforated common "free wall" with at least two large defects allowing mixing of the circulations at that level. Not all anatomic details were established conclusively by fetal echocardiography; however, sufficient diagnostic information was obtained to support a decision not to aggressively resuscitate these twins after elective cesarean delivery at 31 weeks' gestation.     

Heat exchange in the flow of rheologically complex media in a plane-parallel channel

A qualitative investigation is made of the problem of the nonisothermal flow of viscoplastic and power-law media with allowance for the dissipation of mechanical energy upon a discontinuous change in the limiting shear stress and coefficient of consistency with temperature.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 37, No. 6, pp. 1000–1006, December, 1979.     

Selective isolation of reversible cold sensitive variants from Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures

The fine structure and cellular associations of the large pigment cells (LPC's) of the compound eye of the house fly were studied with high voltage and conventional electron microscopy. Depending on the sector of the compound eye, the facets are either rectangular or hexagonal. The underside of each facet has indentations exactly aligned with those on top into which inserts an angulated sleeve of LPC's. Under the rectangular lens facet 6 or 8 small compact (in cross section) LPC's join four elongate LPC's. Clusters of compact cells alternate in this ring with elongate ones. Compact cells compress together and become quadrangular (in cross section) several microns below their insertion into the lens and form "building block" corners while elongate cells form "side rails" for the rectangular type of distal pseudocone enclosure. Beneath hexagonal facets all LPC's are rather elongate with out corner cells. In both facet types LPC's enclose the pseudocone for a longitudinal distance of 4 mum and then are displaced as bordering cells by a sleeve of two corneal pigment cells (CPC's), each of which encloses half of the proximal pseudocone. For the following 6 mum of longitudinal distance these concentric sleeves of CPC's and LPC's form a double layer around the pseudocone. At about 10 mum below lens base the two sleeves separate; LPC's become attenuated and extend cable-like to the basement membrane and CPC's enclose the proximal pseudocone, Semper cells and distal retinula. The junction between lens and LPC's has critical structural value in that (1) this is the sole anchorage to the lens by the lengthy remainder of the ommatidium, and (2) LPC's enclose the semiliquid pseudocone in the most distal portion of the pseudocone. In addition to vertical support, the LPC's send out numerous lateral processes that make structural contact among themselves, with the corneal pigment cells and the photoreceptor cells. The structural features of this array are discussed relative to possible physiological roles.     

Targeted disruption of gene function in Drosophila by RNA interference (RNA-i): a role for nautilus in embryonic somatic muscle formation

The expression of the MyoD gene homolog, nautilus (nau), in the Drosophila embryo defines a subset of mesodermal cells known as the muscle "pioneer" or "founder" cells. These cells are thought to establish the future muscle pattern in each hemisegment. Founders appear to recruit fusion-competent mesodermal cells to establish a particular muscle fiber type. In support of this concept every somatic muscle in the embryo is associated with one or more nautilus-positive cells. However, because of the lack of known (isolated) nautilus mutations, no direct test of the founder cell hypothesis has been possible. We now have utilized toxin ablation and genetic interference by double-stranded RNA (RNA interference or RNA-i) to determine both the role of the nautilus-expressing cells and the nautilus gene, respectively, in embryonic muscle formation. In the absence of nautilus-expressing cells muscle formation is severely disrupted or absent. A similar phenotype is observed with the elimination of the nautilus gene product by genetic interference upon injection of nautilus double-stranded RNA. These results define a crucial role for nautilus in embryonic muscle formation. The application of RNA interference to a variety of known Drosophila mutations as controls gave phenotypes essentially indistinguishable from the original mutation. RNA-i provides a powerful approach for the targeted disruption of a given genetic function in Drosophila.