Lifetime diagnosis of major depression as a multivariate predictor of treatment outcome for inpatients with substance use disorders from abstinence-based programs

A multisite, longitudinal study of patients undergoing inpatient alcohol and drug dependence treatment was conducted in private inpatient facilities, consisting of 4339 subjects from 38 independent programs enrolled in a national addiction treatment outcomes registry. Structured interviews were conducted upon admission, including documentation of current alcohol/drug disorder (DSM-III-R) and lifetime diagnosis of major depressive syndrome; structured interviews were conducted prospectively at 6- and 12-month follow-up periods. The prevalence rate of lifetime diagnosis of major depression in the sample was 39%. Comorbidity varied according to gender and substance of choice. Lifetime depressive symptoms did not correlate with differential length-of-stay, treatment completion, or follow-up consent and, at best, were very weakly associated with follow-up contact. Patients diagnosed with lifetime depression showed the same frequency of participation in posttreatment continuing care: they also showed statistically significant reductions in job absenteeism, inpatient hospitalizations, and arrest rates pre- vs. posttreatment comparable to those of patients without lifetime depression diagnosis. Lifetime major depressive syndrome was not a predictor of outcome in response to abstinence-based treatment. Involvement in posttreatment continuing care accounted for far greater outcome variance. Posttreatment vs. pretreatment factors may be more decisive in influencing risk for relapse.     

Environmental effects on cellular photosensitization: correlation of phototoxicity mechanism with transient absorption spectroscopy measurements

The presence of actin in eukaryotic nuclei and chromosomes, and especially in higher plant nuclei and chromosomes, has not been well established. We detected actin in meristematic cells of Allium cepa with indirect immunofluorescence technique and observed bright fluorescence in the intact nuclei and chromosomes, indicating that actin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of the higher plant. We labeled sections of the meristematic cells of A. cepa with immunogold technique, gold particles were found over the whole nuclei and a number of gold particles were concentrated in condensed chromatin and nucleoli, confirming the results of the immunofluoresence observations. We treated the nuclei and chromosomes of A. cepa with DNase I and 2M NaCl and obtained DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes. Indirect immunofluorescence tests showed that the DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes reacted positively with the anti-actin antibodies. These results demonstrate that actin exists not only in intact nuclei and chromosomes, but also in DNA- and histone-depleted nuclei and chromosomes of the plant. In addition, our immuno-fluorescence tests indicate that tropomyosin is present in the nuclei and chromosomes of A. cepa.     

The language of outcomes

Outcomes are a topic of great interest. Their potential is considerable as a mechanism to evaluate quality, improve effectiveness, and link practice to professional accountability. Greater clarity and precision in the use of outcomes terminology will allow this potential to be realized. This article identifies the current confusion in outcomes terminology, begins an outcomes lexicon, and issues a call to action for further clarification in the language of outcomes.     

Gabapentin: pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety

Gabapentin is a new antiepileptic drug (AED) with an attractive pharmacokinetic profile. It is absorbed by an active and saturable transport system, and has a high volume of distribution. Gabapentin is not bound to plasma proteins, does not induce hepatic enzymes and is not metabolized. At steady state, it has a half-life of 6-8 h, and is eliminated unchanged by renal route with a plasma clearance proportional to the creatinine clearance. It is devoid of significant drug-drug interactions when administered with the established AEDs or with oral contraceptives. Gabapentin used as an add-on AED significantly reduced the frequency of partial seizures and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures in three large double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trails. It is well tolerated, with transient somnolence and dizziness being the most frequent adverse effects. Although the mechanism of action of gabapentin is not fully established, there is strong evidence to suggest a novel mechanism of action. Gabapentin is a unique and promising drug that could improve the quality of life of patients with epilepsy and is a welcome addition to the armamentarium of currently available AEDs for the treatment of patients with seizures of partial onset.