The course of geriatric depression with "reversible dementia": a controlled study

OBJECTIVE: The goals of this longitudinal investigation were 1) to study the rate of development of irreversible dementia in elderly depressed patients with a dementia syndrome that subsided after improvement of depression and 2) to compare it with that of depressed, never-demented patients. METHOD: The subjects were 57 elderly patients consecutively hospitalized for major depression. At entry into the study, 23 subjects also met criteria for "reversible dementia," while 34 were without dementia. After a systematic clinical evaluation, the subjects were followed up at approximately yearly intervals for an average of 33.8 months. RESULTS: Irreversible dementia developed significantly more frequently in the depressed group with reversible dementia (43%) than in the group with depression alone (12%). Survival analysis showed that the group with reversible dementia had a 4.69-times higher chance of having developed dementia at follow-up than the patients with depression alone. No clinical characteristics at entry into the study were found to discriminate the subjects who developed irreversible dementia during the follow-up period from those who remained nondemented. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that geriatric depression with reversible dementia is a clinical entity that includes a group of patients with early-stage dementing disorders. Therefore, identification of a reversible dementia syndrome is an indication for a thorough diagnostic workup and frequent follow-ups in order to identify treatable neurological disorders.     

Relative importance of growth hormone and sex steroids for the growth at puberty of trunk length, limb length, and muscle width in growth hormone-deficient children

We have followed the growth of stature, sitting height, skinfolds, muscle widths measured radiologically, and skeletal maturity in growth hormone-deficient patients in whom hGH was given and withheld in alternating three-month periods throughout puberty (referred to as "off-hGH" and "on-hGH" periods). Six boys and four girls had true isolated GH deficiency and developed puberty spontaneously. Two boys had gonadotrophin deficiency plus GH deficiency, and five boys had multiple deficiencies; in these boys the signs of puberty were induced by hormone treatment. Boys with true isolated deficiency grew about two-thirds as much in height in the off-hGH periods as in the on-hGH periods; their total gain in height during the adolescent spurt would have been about 20 cm, instead of 30 cm, if hGH had been discontinued at the beginning of puberty. The effect of hGH was entirely on growth in leg-length, however, which virtually ceased during the off-hGH periods. Growth in sitting height altered little when hGH was withdrawn. Growth in limb muscles, however, was GH dependent throughout puberty; during the majority of periods when hGH was withheld, muscle was actually lost; this occurred in the boys who were receiving large doses of testosterone as well as in those producing their own normal amounts. Subcutaneous fat diminished when hGH was given and increased when it was withdrawn; this occurred independently of administration of testosterone. There was little evidence that growth of pubic and axillary hair progressed faster during on-hGH periods, except perhaps in patients with multiple deficiencies. There was some evidence, however, that bone age progressed less rapidly during on-hGH periods than during off-hGH periods in the patients with isolated deficiency. The results in the girls agreed with those in boys so far as stature was concerned, but the relationship with sitting height and leg length appeared to be different; the reasons for this are discussed. We conclude that all children with GH deficiency should continue on treatment with hGH throughout puberty, ideally until growth ceases.     

Reconstructing Open Surfaces from Image Data

In this paper a method for fitting open surfaces to data obtained from images is presented using a level set representation of the surface. This is done by tracking a curve, representing the boundary, on the implicitly defined surface. This curve is given as the intersection of the level set describing the surface and an auxiliary level set. These two level sets are propagated using the same motion vector field. Special care has to be taken in order for the surfaces not to intersect at other places than at the desired boundary. Methods for accomplishing this are presented and a fast scheme for finding initial values is proposed. This method gives a piecewise linear approximation of the initial surface boundary using a partition of the convex hull of the recovered 3D data. With the approach described in this paper, open surfaces can be fitted to e.g. point clouds obtained using structure from motion techniques. This paper solves an important practical problem since in many cases the surfaces in the scene are open or can only be viewed from certain directions. Experiments on several data sets support the method.     

Effect of high fat corn oil, olive oil and fish oil on phospholipid fatty acid composition in male F344 rats

Venous stasis associated with prolonged bed rest can enhance the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Pneumatic compression of the lower extremities can reduce this risk by preventing venous stasis. When selecting a method of leg compression for their patients, physicians must chose between two distinctly different types of compression devices. One device applies pressure with a single-chambered sleeve to the below knee region while the other applies pressure in a sequential gradient fashion from the ankle to the thigh. The current prospective study was designed to evaluated the ability of two such devices to increase blood flow in the profunda femoral vein. Venous blood flow velocity, compression time, and vein diameter were measured in nine normal experimental subjects using an Accuson duplex-Doppler before, during and after leg compression. Compression with the single-chambered device produced a significant rise in venous blood flow velocity; however, this could not be maintained and our results indicate a higher average velocity was achieved with the sequential gradient device. The sequential gradient device also moved a greater volume of blood and achieved a higher average blood flow rate. The time between deflation of the sleeve and return of a phasic respiratory signal was greater after compression with the sequential gradient device. These results suggest that sequential gradient compression produces the type of hemodynamic alterations needed to reduce the risk of DVT by achieving a sustained increase in venous blood flow and more completely emptying of the veins in the leg.     

Flow cytometric quantitation of yeast a novel technique for use in animal model work and in vitro immunologic assays

Animal models of fungal and other infectious diseases often require that the number of organisms in tissue be quantified, traditionally by grinding organs, plating them on agar and counting colony forming units (CFU). This method is labor intensive, slow as some fungi require two weeks of culture and limited in reliability by poor plating efficiency. To circumvent these problems, we developed a flow cytometric method to quantify yeast. In vitro cultured Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans and Histoplasma capsulatum yeast were labelled with specific monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies to stain surface determinants or with Calcofluor to stain cell-wall chitin. A defined number of fluorescently labelled beads were added prior to acquisition by flow cytometry as a reference standard for quantitation. Beads were readily distinguished from yeast by forward scatter, side scatter and intensity of fluorescence. Cultured yeast were enumerated by both standard CFU determination and flow cytometry in a range of 10(2) to 10(7) cells. Only flow cytometry enabled discrimination of live and dead yeast by using appropriate fluorescent dyes. The flow cytometric method was applied to murine models of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis to quantify the burden of fungi in the lungs of infected mice. Labelling yeast with Calcofluor alone resulted in unacceptably high levels of nonspecific binding to mouse cell debris. In contrast, labelling H. capsulatum with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum and B. dermatitidis with a monoclonal antibody to the surface protein WI-1 permitted accurate quantitation. We conclude that this flow cytometry technique is rapid, efficient and reliable for quantifying the burden of infection in animal models of fungal disease. The technique also should lend itself to performing cytotoxicity assays that require discrimination of live and dead fungi, or phagocytosis assays that require discrimination of intracellular and extracellular organisms.     

Ventricular myxoma presenting as acute visual loss

We report a case of left ventricular myxoma with embolization to the left posterior cerebral artery, causing acute visual loss. The tumor was successfully resected and a follow-up echocardiography after 21 months revealed no evidence of tumor recurrence. The patient also had a past history of testicular seminoma. We believe that this is the first case report of an association of cardiac myxoma and testicular seminoma.