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排序方式: 共有414条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Matthew L. Bolton Ellen J. Bass Radu I. Siminiceanu 《International journal of human-computer studies》2012,70(11):888-906
Breakdowns in complex systems often occur as a result of system elements interacting in unanticipated ways. In systems with human operators, human–automation interaction associated with both normative and erroneous human behavior can contribute to such failures. Model-driven design and analysis techniques provide engineers with formal methods tools and techniques capable of evaluating how human behavior can contribute to system failures. This paper presents a novel method for automatically generating task analytic models encompassing both normative and erroneous human behavior from normative task models. The generated erroneous behavior is capable of replicating Hollnagel's zero-order phenotypes of erroneous action for omissions, jumps, repetitions, and intrusions. Multiple phenotypical acts can occur in sequence, thus allowing for the generation of higher order phenotypes. The task behavior model pattern capable of generating erroneous behavior can be integrated into a formal system model so that system safety properties can be formally verified with a model checker. This allows analysts to prove that a human–automation interactive system (as represented by the model) will or will not satisfy safety properties with both normative and generated erroneous human behavior. We present benchmarks related to the size of the statespace and verification time of models to show how the erroneous human behavior generation process scales. We demonstrate the method with a case study: the operation of a radiation therapy machine. A potential problem resulting from a generated erroneous human action is discovered. A design intervention is presented which prevents this problem from occurring. We discuss how our method could be used to evaluate larger applications and recommend future paths of development. 相似文献
12.
Two trials are reported in which bulls were implanted with zeranol and slaughtered at 18 months. There was no significant change in carcass weight due to zeranol in either trial. Samples of the longissimus dorsi (LD) and splenius (Sp) were cross-cryosectioned, stained for myofibrillar ATPase and examined by conventional light microscopy. The stain resolved three fibre types: I, slow contracting with an oxidative metabolism, IIA, fast-oxidative-glycolytic and IIB, fast-glycolytic. In the LD from treated bulls, the occurrence of IIB fibres was increased, apparently at the expense of IIA fibres, as the occurrence of I fibres was unchanged. These occurrence changes parallelled previously reported effects of castration. Changes in Sp were less dramatic. In one trial IIB fibres were absent from all Sp muscles, but, in the other, some of the Sp muscles from treated animals contained these fibres whereas they were absent from the Sp of the control group. If the changes in fibre type occurrence due to zeranol extend to skeletal muscles other than LD and Sp, there is likely to be a subtle change in the musculature's metabolism. Fibre areas were largely unaffected by zeranol. In this respect zeranol did not mimic castration. 相似文献
13.
In this work, 10.6-microm pulsed laser damage studies were performed on reflective and antireflective coatings on Si, Ge, and ZnSe substrates. Single-pulse damage threshold determinations were conducted at two different laser spot sizes. A high-resolution TV system was used to perform visible light scattering studies, the results of which correlated with laser damage at 10.6 microm. Single-pulse damage determinations along with visible light scattering and multipulse damage determinations indicate that coating performance can be improved substantially by reducing the density of scattering centers present on the coatings. 相似文献
14.
15.
This study examined the use of deliberately anthropomorphic automation on younger and older adults' trust, dependence and performance on a diabetes decision-making task. Research with anthropomorphic interface agents has shown mixed effects in judgments of preferences but has rarely examined effects on performance. Meanwhile, research in automation has shown some forms of anthropomorphism (e.g. etiquette) have effects on trust and dependence on automation. Participants answered diabetes questions with no-aid, a non-anthropomorphic aid or an anthropomorphised aid. Trust and dependence in the aid was measured. A minimally anthropomorphic aide primarily affected younger adults' trust in the aid. Dependence, however, for both age groups was influenced by the anthropomorphic aid. Automation that deliberately embodies person-like characteristics can influence trust and dependence on reasonably reliable automation. However, further research is necessary to better understand the specific aspects of the aid that affect different age groups. Automation that embodies human-like characteristics may be useful in situations where there is under-utilisation of reasonably reliable aids by enhancing trust and dependence in that aid. Practitioner Summary: The design of decision-support aids on consumer devices (e.g. smartphones) may influence the level of trust that users place in that system and their amount of use. This study is the first step in articulating how the design of aids may influence user's trust and use of such systems. 相似文献
16.
Dan A. Buzatu Willie M. Cooper Christine Summage-West John B. Sutherland Anna J. Williams Deborah A. Bass Lisa L. Smith Robert S. Woodruff Jessica M. Christman Steven Reid Randal K. Tucker Christopher J. Haney Ashfaqe Ahmed Fatemeh Rafii Jon G. Wilkes 《Food microbiology》2013
A flow cytometric method (RAPID-B™) with detection sensitivity of one viable cell of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 in fresh spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was developed and evaluated. The major impediment to achieving this performance was mistaking autofluorescing spinach particles for tagged target cells. Following a 5 h non-selective enrichment, artificially inoculated samples were photobleached, using phloxine B as a photosensitizer. Samples were centrifuged at high speed to concentrate target cells, then gradient centrifuged to separate them from matrix debris. In external laboratory experiments, RAPID-B and the reference method both correctly detected E. coli O157:H7 at inoculations of ca. 15 cells. In a follow-up study, after 4 cell inoculations of positives and 6 h enrichment, RAPID-B correctly identified 92% of 25 samples. The RAPID-B method limit of detection (LOD) was one cell in 25 g. It proved superior to the reference method (which incorporated real time-PCR, selective enrichment, and culture plating elements) in accuracy and speed. 相似文献
17.
Andre Matthew Loyd Roger W. Nightingale Yin Song Jason F. Luck Hattie Cutcliffe Barry S. Myers Cameron ‘Dale’ Bass 《Accident; analysis and prevention》2014
Given the high incidence of TBI, head injury has been studied extensively using both cadavers and anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs). However, few studies have benchmarked the response of ATD heads against human data. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the response of adult and ATD heads in impact, and to compare adult Hybrid III head responses to the adult head responses. 相似文献
18.
Fahhad Alharbi John D. Bass Abdelmajid Salhi Ahmed Alyamani Ho-Cheol Kim Robert D. Miller 《Renewable Energy》2011,36(10):2753-2758
Presented are the results of a comparative analysis to identify abundant, non-toxic binary materials with potential applicability for photovoltaics. Materials other than the conventional Si, CdTe, and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) are examined. The screening is based on the materials’ bulk properties and a set of environmental, physical, and chemical criteria. The screening process is detailed and the properties and applicability of the screened materials are discussed. 相似文献
19.
In order to develop a microbiological baseline of meat produced for domestic consumption in the state of New South Wales, chilled carcases were sampled from 16 abattoirs. Aerobic Plate Counts (APCs) and Escherichia coli counts were obtained from samples taken by sponging sites specified for each species in the Microbiological Guidelines to the Australian meat standard. On beef carcases the mean log10 APC/cm2 was 2.21 and E. coli was detected on 25% of carcases (mean log positives ?0.61/cm2). For sheep carcases corresponding values were 2.4, 53% and log10 -0.06/cm2, respectively. For pig carcases values were 2.81, 63% and log10 -0.23/cm2, respectively. For skin-off goat carcases values were 1.15, 27% and log10 -0.38/cm2, respectively. In the present survey, levels of indicator bacteria on carcases processed via the co-regulatory system operated in Australia were similar to those established in surveys of abattoirs that operate the traditional system overseen by government inspectors. 相似文献
20.
A linear temperature dependence between -70 degrees C and +70 degrees C is reported for the peak stimulated emission cross section of Nd3+ ions in both yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) and gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (GSGG). 相似文献