Effect of depressed mood on eating among obese and nonobese dieting and nondieting persons.

Induced a depressed or nondepressed mood in obese and nonobese dieters and nondieters (18 male and 38 female undergraduates). Ss were administered a battery of measures, including the Beck Depression Inventory and Depression Adjective Check List. As predicted, dieters ate more when depressed than when nondepressed, and nondieters ate less when depressed than when nondepressed. That is, both groups reversed their typical eating patterns when depressed. Also as predicted, among depressed Ss, dieters ate more than nondieters; among nondepressed Ss dieters ate less that nondieters. This pattern of results was found for both obese and nonobese Ss. Dieting habits were highlighted as a more salient variable than obesity in predicting eating responses to depressed mood. Findings are discussed with respect to the psychosomatic theory of obesity, the stimulus-binding theory of obesity, previous investigations of clinical depression, and the theory of restrained eating. (32 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Community-Based Prevention of Marital Dysfunction: Multilevel Modeling of a Randomized Effectiveness Study.

This study is a cluster randomized controlled trial of the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP; H. J. Markman, S. M. Stanley, & S. L. Blumberg, 2001). Fifty-seven religious organizations (ROs), consisting of 217 newlywed couples, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 intervention conditions: PREP delivered by university clinicians (U-PREP), PREP delivered by RO clergy (ROPREP), and naturally occurring (NO) marriage preparation. Self-reported relationship satisfaction, negative behavior, and positive behavior were assessed at preintervention, postintervention, and 1-year follow-up. Trajectories of relationship satisfaction showed no change over time and did not differ across conditions. Trajectories of negative behavior for RO-PREP wives showed significantly greater linear declines in comparison with NO trajectories. Trajectories of positive behavior for NO and U-PREP partners showed significant declines compared with RO-PREP trajectories. Effectiveness, transportability, and dissemination of marital distress prevention programs in community settings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Relationship Between the Endophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Embellisia</Emphasis> spp. and the Toxic Alkaloid Swainsonine in Major Locoweed Species (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Astragalus</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oxytropis)</Emphasis>

Locoweeds (Astragalus and Oxytropis spp. that contain the toxic alkaloid swainsonine) cause widespread poisoning of livestock on western rangelands. There are 354 species of Astragalus and 22 species of Oxytropis in the US and Canada. Recently, a fungal endophyte, Embellisia spp., was isolated from Astragalus and Oxytropis spp. and shown to produce swainsonine. We conducted a survey of the major locoweeds from areas where locoweed poisoning has occurred to verify the presence of the endophyte and to relate endophyte infection with swainsonine concentrations. Species found to contain the fungal endophyte and produce substantial amounts of swainsonine were A. wootoni, A. pubentissimus, A. mollissimus, A. lentiginosus, and O. sericea. Astragalus species generally had higher concentrations of swainsonine than Oxytropis. Swainsonine was not detected in A. alpinus, A. cibarius, A. coltonii, A. filipes, or O. campestris. The endophyte could not be cultured from A. mollissimus var. thompsonii or A. amphioxys, but was detected by polymerase chain reaction, and only 30% of these samples contained trace levels of swainsonine. Further research is necessary to determine if the endophyte is able to colonize these and other species of Astragalus and Oxytropis and determine environmental influences on its growth and synthesis of swainsonine.     

Gender, topic, and time in observed demand–withdraw interaction in cross- and same-sex couples.

The demand–withdraw interaction pattern has been extensively studied and consistently linked to relationship quality in cross-sex relationships, but it has received little study using observational data in same-sex relationships. Demand–withdraw behavior, which occurs when 1 partner makes a complaint or request for a change and the other partner avoids the request or withdraws from the discussion (Christensen, 1988), was observationally coded in the problem-solving interactions of 75 (20 unmarried lesbian, 15 unmarried gay male, 20 unmarried straight cohabiting, and 20 married straight) couples. Results revealed that same- and cross-sex couples engage in demanding and withdrawing behaviors in highly similar ways. For all couples, partners demanded at a higher level during their own issue than during their partner's issue, and withdrew at a higher level during their partner's issue than during their own issue. Women demanded at higher levels than men, and men withdrew at higher levels than women. All partners were more likely to be in a demanding role during their own topic than during their partner's topic. Polarization was greater in woman-selected than in man-selected topics. Demanding increased over the course of the interaction, whereas no time effect was found for withdrawing. Higher levels of each partner's demanding were associated with lower levels of their own withdrawing and higher levels of their partner's withdrawing. Finally, higher levels of total demand–withdraw behaviors were associated with lower levels of relationship satisfaction for all couple types. Implications of results for refinement of models of demand–withdraw behavior are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Perturbation analysis of high strain-rate shear localization in B.C.C. crystalline materials

Summary A perturbation analysis has been used to obtain a detailed and fundamental understanding of the high strain-rate material mechanisms associated with material instabilities and adiabatic shear-band formation in single body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) crystals. The interrelated effects of wave number, shear-band orientation, strain hardening, strain-rate sensitivity, and thermal and geometrical softening on material instability and shear-strain localization have been investigated in terms of the competition between the softening and hardening mechanisms for nominal strain-rates from 100/s to 5000/s. A perturbed system of equations has been obtained, accounting for arbitrary crystal orientations, and since no approximations have been made for the magnitude of the strain-rate sensitivity parameter, all the roots associated with the stability of the perturbed equations can be obtained for physically representative deformations. Hence, a comprehensive characterization of material instabilities can be obtained beyond the initial instability point, and the strength of material instabilities can be then monitored throughout the deformation history to distinguish between material instabilities and shear-strain localization.     

Attributional style and attributional patterns among married couples.

Explored whether couples develop an attributional style in explaining marital behavior. Results demonstrate that spouses vary greatly in the extent to which they develop an attributional style in this area. Development of an attributional style is correlated with marital distress. Investigators have assumed that simultaneous attributional ratings across several attributional dimensions best characterize the attributions that spouses make for marital events. Yet almost all studies to date have considered each attributional dimension separately. The current investigation explored whether meaningful attributional patterns across dimensions were discernible for marital events. Findings indicate that such patterns do exist and are psychologically interpretable, and support the hypothesis that distressed spouses tend to maximize negative partner behaviors while minimizing positive partner behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Microstructures of InAs1−xSbx (x = 0.07–0.14) alloys and strained-layer superlattices

Growth of InAs_1−xSb_x alloys by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition at 475°C results in CuPt ordering even at Sb concentrations as low as x = 0.07-0.14. The two {111}_B variants are present, but each exists separately in 1-2 μm regions. However, the ordering is incomplete: it occurs in platelet domains lying on habit planes tilted 30° from (001) within a disordered matrix and is not continuous at the atomic scale within the domains. This ordering apparently explains the reduction in infrared emission energies relative to the bandgaps of bulk alloys. Similar ordering is found in an InAs_0.91Sb_0.09/In_0.g7Ga_0.13As strained-layer superlattice with lower-than-expected emission energy. High-resolution images indicate that the superlattice layers flat and regularly spaced. Infrared LEDs have been made from such superlattices.     

Attribution processes in distressed and nondistressed couples: IV. Self–partner attribution differences.

The importance of the self–other distinction for understanding the relation between attributions and marital satisfaction is examined in two studies. In Study 1, causal attributions for naturally occurring behavior by the self and spouse were investigated. Study 2 examined both causal and responsibility attributions for hypothetical behaviors. In both studies, the attributions of spouses seeking therapy were investigated in relation to those of happily married persons in the community. The results showed that self–other attribution differences varied as a function of marital distress. Nondistressed spouses showed a positive attribution bias by making more benign attributions for partner behavior as opposed to self-behavior, whereas distressed spouses showed a negative attribution bias by making less benign attributions for partner behavior than for self-behavior. These findings suggest that self-attributions may, in part, determine the impact of attributions for spouse behavior on marital satisfaction. The clinical relevance of the results and their implications for research on actor–observer attribution differences are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A new look at sentiment override—let's not get carried away yet: Comment on Fincham et al. (1995).

This article offers a reaction to F. D. Fincham, P. C. Garnier, S. Gano-Phillips, and L. N. Osborne's (see record 1995-21088-001) study, which explores a new perspective on sentiment override. The strengths of Fincham et al.'s article include a creative methodology taken from cognitive psychology along with an intriguing theory of what factors influence the operation of sentiment override. At the same time, caution must be exercised in drawing conclusions from the current study based on a number of methodological concerns. Primary among these is the fact that over 98% of the spouses rated their partners positively, although a great number were supposedly maritally distressed. Also, the investigators need to clarify how they believe differences in milliseconds in responding will translate into real-world phenomena with couples, when almost all spouses have ready access to their sentiments about their partners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

W. Grant Dahlstrom (1922-2006).

Presents an obituary for William Grant Dahlstrom, who died at the age of 83. After teaching at the University of Minnesota, Ohio Wesleyan University, and the University of Iowa, Dahlstrom joined the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1953, initially in the Psychiatry Department. In 1957, he moved to the Psychology Department, where he remained active until his retirement in 1993. Dahlstrom's professional work focused on the assessment of personality, and he was acknowledged as the world's leading authority on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). With his emphasis on individual differences and respect for all persons, Dahlstrom devoted significant energy to trying to understand the role of ethnicity in individual functioning and personality assessment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)