Spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy using a flat HOPG crystal

A novel design of a 1-D imaging X-ray spectrometer is implemented, using a high efficiency HOPG (highly oriented pyrolitic graphite) Bragg crystal and a double-entrance-slit. The double slit provides self-calibration of the imaging magnification. The spatial and spectral resolutions and dispersion are characterised both analytically and by ray tracing simulations. A key feature of this approach is that it enables the X-ray spectrum to be measured over different regions of the plasma source. The application of this instrument is demonstrated in high intensity laser-foil interaction experiments.     

The use of RO to remove emerging micropollutants following CAS/UF or MBR treatment of municipal wastewater

The removal of various organic micropollutants (OMPs), including six antibiotics (ERY, ROX, CLA, SMX, SMZ, and TMP), three pharmaceuticals (ibuprofen, salicylic acid, and diclofenac), one industrial product (BPA), and one hormone (cholesterol), was investigated in two pilot plants treating the same raw sewage of the Tel-Aviv WWTP. The effluent production by CAS-UF was 45 m³/h while that of MBR was 40 L/h. Each system's effluent constituted the feed for its RO, which comprised three RO steps after the CAS/UF and a semi-batch RO system after the MBR. Despite significant molecular differences between the selected OMPs, high removal rates were achieved after the RO stage (> 99% for macrolides, pharmaceuticals, cholesterol, and BPA, 95% for diclofenac, and > 93% removal of sulfonamides). However, low antibiotics concentrations and 28–223 ng/L residuals of ibuprofen, diclofenac, salicylic acid, cholesterol, and BPA in the MBR/RO and CAS-UF/RO permeates showed that although RO is an efficient removal solution, it cannot serve as an absolute barrier to OMPs. Therefore, additional treatment techniques should be considered to be incorporated aside the RO to ensure complete removal of such substances.     

Proceedings at an Ordinary Meeting held on Wednesday, 18th March, 1931, at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute,London

The deposition of tungsten from the vapour phase has some promise as a means of forming nozzles for solid propellant rockets. The deposition of metals from the vapour phase has some similarities with electrodeposition. The following similarities are pointed out using the deposition of tungsten as the example: factors governing the mass transport of depositable compound, structure of the deposits, presence of stress in the deposits, and effects of addition agents.     

Purification and crystallization of complexes modeling the active state of the fragile histidine triad protein

Fragile histidine triad protein (Fhit) is a diadenosine triphosphate (ApppA) hydrolase encoded at the human chromosome 3 fragile site which is frequently disrupted in tumors. Reintroduction of FHIT coding sequences to cancer cell lines with FHIT deletions suppressed the ability of these cell lines to form tumors in nude mice even when the reintroduced FHIT gene had been mutated to allow ApppA binding but not hydrolysis. Because this suggested that the tumor suppressor activity of Fhit protein depends on substrate-dependent signaling rather than ApppA catabolism, we prepared two crystalline forms of Fhit protein that are expected to model its biologically active, substrate-bound state. Wild-type and the His96Asn forms of Fhit were overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified to homogeneity and crystallized in the presence and absence of ApppA and an ApppA analog. Single crystals obtained by vapor diffusion against ammonium sulfate diffracted X-rays to beyond 2.75 A resolution. High quality native synchrotron X-ray data were collected for an orthorhombic and a hexagonal crystal form.      

Molecular species of phosphoglycerides in liver microsomes of rats fed a fat-free diet

The influence of a fat-free diet on the molecular species composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) of rat liver microsomes was studied by using reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. In the three phosphoglyceride classes analyzed, the fat-free diet produced a large decrease in the 18:0/20:4n-6 species but less important changes were found in the 16:0/20:4n-6 species. In PC, the most abundant phosphoglyceride class of rat liver microsomes, the fall in the 18:0/20:4n-6 species was counterbalanced mainly by an enhancement in the 16:0/18:1n-9 species although it was not evident in PE. In PI, the decrease in the 18:0/20:4n-6 species was counterbalanced by an increase in the 18:0/20:3n-9 species. Fluorescence polarization measurements of 1,7-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in liposomes of 16:0/18:1n-9, 18:0/18:1n-9-, 16:0/20:4n-6-, and 18:0/20:4n-6-PC indicated that the change in the saturated fatty acid in the sn-1 position accompanying the replacement of 20:4n-6 by 18:1n-9 could be very important for a homeoviscous compensation, maintaining the membrane physical properties without large alterations in spite of the essential fatty acid deficiency due to the fat-free diet.     

A Chinese sky trust?: Distributional impacts of carbon charges and revenue recycling in China

The introduction of carbon charges on the use of fossil fuels in China would have a progressive impact on income distribution. This outcome, which contrasts to the regressive distributional impact found in most studies of carbon charges in industrialized countries, is driven primarily by differences between urban and rural expenditure patterns. If carbon revenues were recycled on an equal per capita basis via a ‘sky trust,’ the progressive impact would be further enhanced: low-income (mainly rural) households would receive more in sky-trust dividends than they pay in carbon charges, and high-income (mainly urban) households would pay more than they receive in dividends. Thus a Chinese sky trust would contribute to both lower fossil fuel consumption and greater income equality.     

The measurement of minimotors and micromotors torque-characteristic using miniaturized cable brake

 A miniaturized torque sensor based on cable brake principle for the measurement of torque-characteristic of minimotors and micromotors has been developed. The first generation torque sensor enables the measurement of torque of minimotors in the range of μNm. Design principles and the production process are described. Experimental results show fair conformity with technical data for minimotors. Received: 30 October 1996 / Accepted: 14 November 1996     

Echtzeit-Suchprozessor-Architekturen

This paper deals with design and implementation of a random access dual ported memory with a sustained bandwidth of 100 MByte/s. Data blocks can be stored and retained in arbitrary order. This goal is achieved by a specialized scarch-processor based on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). The main advantage is the hardware-implemented search in alphabetical search trees which garantees the real-time behaviour. The concept is extendable to other applications affording data-buffering with extremly high bandwidth.     

Investigation of the atomic-scale friction and energy dissipation in diamond using molecular dynamics

We have used molecular dynamics simulations to examine friction when two diamond (111) surfaces are placed in sliding contact. The essence of atomic-scale friction was shown to be the mechanical excitation (in the form of vibrational and rotational energy) of the interface lattice layers upon sliding. This excitation was propagated to the rest of the lattice, and eventually dissipated as heat. In general, this excitation increases with increasing applied load; therefore, the atomic-scale friction also increases with load. Flexible hydrocarbon species, chemically bound to the diamond surface, can lead to a significant reduction of mechanical excitation upon sliding at high loads, leading to lower friction. In addition to clarifying the effects of chemically-bound hydrocarbon groups on atomic-scale friction at diamond interfaces, these simulations might also yield insight into more complicated systems, e.g. Langmuir-Blodgett films, and aid in the design of low-friction coatings.