This paper addresses the damage and fracture issues of glass and ceramic materials used in solid oxide fuel cells. Analyses of an internal crack and of an interface crack between dissimilar materials were conducted using a modified boundary layer modeling approach. In this approach, fracture is allowed to occur in a small process window situated at an initial crack tip. Elastic displacement crack-tip fields are prescribed as remote boundary conditions. Crack propagation was first modeled discretely. Next, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model for brittle materials was developed to capture damage and crack growth in the process window. In particular, the damage model was applied to a glass-ceramic material that had been developed in-house for sealing purposes. Discrete and continuum damage solutions were then compared. Finally, the CDM model was used to determine the crack propagation direction as a function of a mode mixity measure. 相似文献
A survey is given of the catalytic methods potentially available for the production of adipic acid by the oxidation of readily available hydrocarbon precursors under environmentally benign conditions. Encouraging results are reported using H2O2 as oxidant and microporous FeAlPO-5 as catalyst at moderate temperatures. 相似文献
This paper examines the effect of reference prices on companies operating within competitive industries. We confirm that even with competition, firms optimally price high in the short term to generate a high reference price and then decrease this price over time. Competitors' prices converge toward each other over time, emphasizing the short‐term nature of reference prices. We then show that pricing optimally to take advantage of reference prices generates a positive externality for other firms in an industry, such that competitors may generate higher profit. The longer the focus of a given firm, the more profit the firm generates, but less relative to its competitors. This arises because the externalities created through pricing high to increase reference prices outweigh the benefits of the higher reference prices themselves. If pricing managers are compensated relative to their competition, this suggests that short‐termism may be implicitly encouraged to the detriment of profit. 相似文献
Performance data are presented for methane oxidation on alumina-supported Pd, Pt, and Rh catalysts under both fuel-rich and fuel-lean conditions. Catalyst activity was measured in a micro-scale isothermal reactor at temperatures between 300 and 800 °C. Non-isothermal (near adiabatic) temperature and reaction data were obtained in a full-length (non-differential) sub-scale reactor operating at high pressure (0.9 MPa) and constant inlet temperature, simulating actual reactor operation in catalytic combustion applications.
Under fuel-lean conditions, Pd catalyst was the most active, although deactivation occurred above 650 °C, with reactivation upon cooling. Rh catalyst also deactivated above 750 °C, but did not reactivate. Pt catalyst was active above 600 °C. Fuel-lean reaction products were CO2 and H2O for all three catalysts.
The same catalysts tested under fuel-rich conditions demonstrated much higher activity. In addition, a ‘lightoff’ temperature was found (between 450 and 600 °C), where a stepwise increase in reaction rate was observed. Following ‘lightoff’ partial oxidation products (CO, H2) appeared in the mixture, and their concentration increased with increasing temperature. All three catalysts exhibited this behavior.
High-pressure (0.9 MPa) sub-scale reactor and combustor data are shown, demonstrating the benefits of fuel-rich operation over the catalyst for ultra-low emissions combustion. 相似文献
Population balance models have been used in chemical engineering since the 1960s and have evolved to become the most important tools for design and control of particulate processes. In this paper we show that the intrinsic particle parameter that determines changes in the process and should thus be included in the population balance is the particle volume. The basic population that is modeled should be the mass distribution, or the volume distribution if the density is constant. The population balance thus describes the change of the volume distribution of volume with time. Furthermore, we suggest that the “birth” and “death” terms that are often used to describe discrete events in particulate processes can almost always be replaced by a rate of change term.To design and control existing and future processes, a multi-dimensional population balance model is required. We propose a volume-based model in which the particle properties that are modeled are the volumes of solid, liquid, and air, respectively. In the most general case the model will consist of a properties vector and a distribution tensor. Depending on the complexity of the process, one or more of the properties may be omitted from the model. This is shown in three examples of increasing complexity: comminution, sintering, and granulation. 相似文献
Criteria for authentic olive oils were developed from isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography analyses of 99 olive
oils from the major Mediterranean producers in the 1983–1986 crop years. Authentic olive oils include extra virgin, virgin
and pure or refined oils, but exclude all reesterified and adulterated oils. The extra virgin through pure grades will have
a combined area for the LOO (C18:2C18:1C18:1), LOP (C18:2C18:1C16:0), OOO (C18:1C18:1C18:1), POO (C16:0C18:1C18:1), POP (C16:0C18:1C18:1), and SOO (C18:0C18:1C18:1) peaks between 82.0 and 92.6% of the total area (L, linoleic; O, oleic; P, palmitic; S, stearic). Authentic oils will have
ratios of LOO/LOP and OOO/POO that coincide with a line defined by OOO/POO=0.7844(LOO/LOP)+0.0968; correlation coefficient
is 0.885. Authentic oils will not have a trilinolein (LLL) peak over 0.5% in area. Neither triolein (OOO) nor any other single
peak suffices to characterize an olive oil sample as one of the authentic grades. 相似文献
The surface and mechanical properties of copolymers of hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates have been examined by a variety of techniques. This work is complementary to earlier parts of this series which describe the effect of copolymer structure on water binding properties. Water structure has been demonstrated to exert a profound effect upon mechanical properties whether measured in compression or in tension. In particular, water that is characterized by differential scanning calorimetry as ‘freezing’ water is observed to have a marked plasticizing effect upon the gel, whereas ‘non-freezing’ water has little such effect. Similarly, the ‘freezing’ water produces a more marked effect on thermally induced transitions. Two distinct transition points are observed as a result of its presence. One corresponds to the freezing point of water and the other to a glass transition temperature, whose value depends upon the proportion of ‘freezing’ or ‘plasticizing’ water in the gel. Several predictive and direct measurement techniques have been used to study the surface properties of the copolymers in both hydrated and dehydrated states. Taken together they have established a sound understanding of the way in which polar and dispersive components of surface free energy vary as a function of copolymer composition and water content. Use of protein adsorption and fibroblast cell interaction techniques demonstrate that biological phenomena respond to changes at a molecular level which current macroscopic surface energy techniques are unable to discern. 相似文献
A method has been developed on the Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer using the eccentric rotating disks mode to study the crystallization kinetics of different semi-crystalline polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, poly(butylene terephthalate) and Nylon 11) under oscillatory shear. Dynamic shear moduli (storage G′ and loss G″), loss tangent (tan δ), and dynamic viscosity (η′) were simultaneously, monitored during the crystallization process. The onset and completion of crystallization were characterized by the initial rise and final levelling off of G′, while the peak time, of crystallization (tp) is calculated from the time elapsed between the onset and peak of crystallization which is indicated by the G″ or η′ maximum. In the case of polypropylene, going from a low frequency of ?0.1 rad/s, to higher frequencies of up to 10 rad/s, there is a monotonic decrease in peak time of crystallization (tp) together with a progressive decrease in spherulitic morphology. The observed acceleration in crystallization is due predominantly to the increase in nucleation rate and orientation of chains in melt crystalline aggregate. The progressive disappearance of the spherulitic morphology is attributed to the disruption of the spherulite superstructure at higher frequencies of shear. 相似文献
Residual strains responsible for crack tip shielding have been measured within transformation zones surrounding cracks in Mg-PSZ. Two techniques were used for strain measurement: moiré interferometry and high-resolution image matching. Both methods provide maps of differential in-plane displacements within the specimen surface intersected by the crack, the latter method with the higher resolution. The results are compared with finite-element analysis to assess surface relaxation effects, and the measured strains are used to evaluate the crack tip shielding stress intensity factor. Calculations based on the assumption that the unconstrained transformation strain is hydrostatic dilatation yielded results that were significantly smaller than the measured toughness increases. 相似文献