Real-time craving and mood assessments before and after smoking.

This study explored some quandaries concerning craving and mood as motivators to smoke. Craving and negative mood have long been associated with day-to-day smoking as two of the primary motivational forces behind the maintenance of the behavior, as well as significant barriers in smokers' attempts to quit. Craving remains a clinically relevant phenomenon, with most smokers describing craving as a troublesome problem when quitting. Smokers' self-reports of negative mood, as an antecedent for smoking, are so robustly reported that many models of nicotine dependence have incorporated a critical role for negative mood in maintaining smoking behavior. However, several naturalistic studies that collected mood ratings with hand held computers from smokers in real time, just before smoking a cigarette, have provided scant evidence that negative mood plays a major role in motivation to smoke. No study to date has examined craving and mood data as a consequence of smoking, that is, collecting the same data immediately after smoking. This study used personal digital assistants (PDAs) to collect craving and mood data immediately before smoking, immediately after smoking, and at random times of day. Nontreatment seeking smokers (N = 72) carried a PDA for an average of 10 days while they recorded their smoking behavior. Results showed that craving and negative mood ratings were lowest immediately after smoking compared with immediately before smoking and at random times of day. These findings suggest that smokers may be at least partially motivated to smoke to lower their craving and improve their mood states.     

Social support as a moderator of the relationship between recent history of depression and smoking cessation among lower-educated women.

We examined psychosocial mechanisms linking recent history of depression and subsequent short-term smoking cessation. Our sample included lower-educated women smokers who registered for a brief cessation intervention (registrant panel; n = 1,198), and a quasicontrol panel not participating in the intervention (population panel; n = 682). Women were surveyed by telephone every 6 months for a period of 2 years, measuring psychosocial variables (motivation, self-efficacy, perceived stress, and social support) and self-reported smoking status (7-day abstinence) at each point. In both panels, smoking rate and self-efficacy were strong independent predictors of subsequent cessation, but recent history of depression (as measured 6 months earlier) was not a significant predictor. However, among only the registrant panel, the effects of recent history of depression were significantly moderated by social support. Recently depressed women who had higher levels of perceived social support were as likely to quit subsequently as women who did not have a recent history of depression. The determinants of successful quitting among lower-educated women differ between those who seek assistance and those who do not.     

天然植物提炼

从2007年年底开始,就已经能看出visvim在08年的新动向了,中村世纪摆明了要以最高级的材质打造出一系列以环保为基础的产品,不论是物料及设计构造均达到极高的水准。先期发售的是FBT BEAR FOOT-FOLK,最大的特点是采用薄底设计。而一向都是visvim鞋款中舒适度数一数二的FBT本次更将其全面包装,鞋面上居然穿上了民族风的珠子,打造出最高水准的FBT鞋款。随后发售的鞋款也是FOLK series的成员。与前面提到的的BEARFOOT相似,     

麻布为环保 adidas Grun Campus

Grun,是德语里绿色环保的意思,adidas最新推出了名为adidasGrun的环保企划。这个系列共有Nature、Recycled和Reground三大系列,眼前这双Campus．就是隶属于Regorund系列的头号主打鞋款．整双鞋采用不损害地球生态系统的天然无添加材料．比如竹子、麻布等物料制作,鞋垫采用Poli—Fresh可循环利用的Poliyou环保鞋原料创作,     

皮质托盘 BAPE Leather Tray

BAPE最新推出的皮制托盘可以说是BAPE近来的创意之作,可以让大家摆放杂物、锁匙等零碎物品,是非常实用的家居装饰物。米色皮革中心印有猿人图案,所采用的边角纽扣的组合设计十分方便存放,而且分别有大小两种规格,不过千万不要拿它当烟灰缸,否则烟灰会将皮革烧穿。而服饰方面,BAPE将过往一系列成功的图案设计再度逐一呈现在大家眼前,print tee有鲨鱼、老虎和熊猫头图案,zip—up也有猿猴脸迷彩、虎纹迷彩等等,长久以来喜欢BAPE的朋友可以借此“温故”。而新推出的牛仔裤作品主打工装风格,这也与今年秋冬季很多牛仔品牌的主打路线吻合,裤子采用painter denim的剪裁,其中hickory的竖条纹牛仔裤更加是工装“范儿’的标准装备。     

科技成就生活之美

2006年,一种名叫MIZUNO INFINITY WAVE的双拱形波浪片中底技术的推出,在物理缓震领域里引发了一场革命。如今,WAVE CREATION 9这款缓冲避震型跑鞋的新王者,已经将MIZUNO INFINITY WAVE的能量完全释放出来。精心打造的这双具有北京传统元素的跑鞋,在充分体现运动和人体之美的同时还兼顾了人文与生活之美。     

NIKE JP TANABATA MATSURI PACK 七夕

农历七月,不要以为就只有我国才知道牛郎织女;其实,远在东瀛的日本也有个同名同义的七夕节,即每年农历七月七日织女（Orihime）与牛郎（Hikoboshi）相会的日子。每到日本的七夕节,传统就是穿上和服成群结队的走上大街,很多人手里都会提着一个红灯笼,     

以合作之名庆生

不经不觉I.T已成立了二十年。I.T的起源可追溯自一个简单的概念,就是以时尚的风格,满足年轻族群的消费需求。1988年,I.T当时还是GREENPEACE,只有200平方米的小小店铺,并率先引进很多当时在香港不甚普及的欧洲服装品牌。经过二十年的发展,已建立走在时代尖端的流行风格,受到了众多时装爱好者的支持和拥护,转眼间成为香港时髦一族的流连之地。     

Ex-vivo cellular MRI with b-SSFP: quantitative benefits of 3 T over 1.5 T

INTRODUCTION: The use of MRI with iron-based magnetic nanoparticles for imaging cells is a rapidly growing field of research. We have recently reported that single iron-labeled cells could be detected, as signal voids, in vivo in mouse brains using a balanced steady-state free precession imaging sequence (b-SSFP) and a customized microimaging system at 1.5 T. METHODS: In the current study we assess the benefits, and challenges, of using a higher magnetic field strength for imaging iron-labeled cells with b-SSFP, using ex vivo mouse brain specimens imaged with near identical systems at 1.5 and 3.0 T. RESULTS: The substantial banding artifact that appears in 3 T b-SSFP images was readily minimized with RF phase cycling, allowing for banding-free b-SSFP images to be compared between the two field strengths. This study revealed that with an optimal 3 T b-SSFP imaging protocol, more than twice as many signal voids were detected as with 1.5 T. CONCLUSION: There are several factors that contributed to this important result. First, a greater-than-linear SNR gain was achieved in mouse brain images at 3 T. Second, a reduction in the bandwidth, and the associated increase in repetition time and SNR, produced a dramatic increase in the contrast generated by iron-labeled cells.     

Biomass Recovery Method for Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Quantification Following UV Disinfection

A biomass recovery method was developed to monitor UV disinfection efficacy using adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Typically, disinfection monitoring at wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) involves quantifying fecal and total coliforms or colony forming units, the results of which take a minimum of 24 h to produce. ATP quantification immediately before and after UV treatment, which takes only minutes, shows little reduction and often an increase in the microbial population since UV irradiation results in cells that are viable (i.e., still producing ATP) but not culturable. To overcome this, our biomass recovery method incorporates an incubation step to encourage life cycling of microbes. Average log reductions in cellular ATP (cATP) were found to be ?0.28 ± 0.19, ?0.011 ± 0.153, ?0.17 ± 0.32, and 0.065 ± 0.074 using direct ATP measurements on UV-treated samples from WWTFs A, B, C, and D, respectively, while those using the recovery method were correspondingly 0.17 ± 0.34, 1.8 ± 0.8, 0.20 ± 0.35, and 0.72 ± 0.26. The response of the biomass recovery-ATP method indicated a significant direct correlation to the microbial population reduction observed in heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and Colilert® methods using both pure Escherichia coli culture and secondary municipal wastewater effluent.