Experimental validation of polyhedral discrete element model

The flow of polyhedral granular particles in a small 3D slice hopper is studied experimentally and computationally by applying the discrete element method (DEM). A high speed camera was used to obtain the experimental results. The experimental packing structure, flow behaviour, arching and discharging in the hopper are analysed and compared with the DEM results for three hopper half angles. Reasonable agreement is shown on the static packing, flow behaviour and hopper discharge rates. The critical orifice length at which flow ceases to be smooth is investigated and arching of the material around the orifice is demonstrated experimentally and computationally. Spherical particles of nearly identical volume and density to the average of the polyhedral particles are also tested and compared to the polyhedra. The DEM is shown to be reasonably adept at modelling the interactions between polyhedral particles in a system in which there are very many possible particle geometrical interactions. Further work should consider the cohesion between the particles and the particle and the wall. Simulations of a greater number of particles in different hopper geometries should also be explored.     

Relationships between processing conditions and rheological behavior of polyethylenes

The rheological properties of high‐density polyethylene melts were found to change drastically after treatment with oxygen or peroxide. Unusual features of the treated melts in shear flow (190°C) included (a) increase in length of time to reach steady state values of shear stress in start‐up experiments; (b) a non‐reproducibility of the low‐shear rate sections of the flow curves measured at increasing and decreasing shear rate; (c) an increase of viscosity at low shear rates compared to the neat sample. Under non‐stationary extensional flow (a regime of constant force) the treatment leads to a change in shape of the strain development with time, an increase of the apparent elongational viscosity, and an increase in time to break. At 150–170°C, the rheological behavior of the treated polyethylenes is completely identical to the corresponding behavior of the untreated. These results, together with data from IR‐spectroscopy and GPC suggest the following mechanism: The oxidation or peroxidation leads to reactive sites in the polymer chain that incorporate a few long branches during the initial contact with oxygen or peroxide. These reactive sites remain in the polymer after cooling/solidification and can become activated again upon heating to 190°C causing additional changes in molecular structure. Formation of the long‐chain branches results in an increased resistance of the melt to extensional deformation, and an improvement in processing behavior, as well as the quality of bottles produced by the blow‐molding process. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:615–624, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Thermo-physical properties of as deposited and aged thermal barrier coatings (TBC) for gas turbines: State-of-the art and advanced TBCs

In the perspective of fuelling the future generations of gas turbines by hydrogen rich syngas, the evaluation of the effect of a higher water vapour content into the flue gases on the TBC used, or potentially usable, is a need. For this purpose YPSZ APS TBC with two different microstructures have been exposed for 500?h at different temperatures in the range 1000?°C–1250?°C either in air and air +20% vol. H₂O. The comparison between the different testing conditions has been performed in terms of sintering kinetics and phase stability, as evaluated by thermal diffusivity measurements and Synchrotron X-Rays diffraction, respectively. Furthermore the characterisation of thermal properties of two innovative TBCs (GZO-YPSZ and YAG) potentially able to withstand the CMAS attack and erosive environments, respectively, has been carried out.No clear evidence of a different behaviour of TBC has been observed, at least in the considered aging time and temperature range.     

注射成型中浇口形式对塑件质量的影响

用生产实例介绍了不同浇口形式及位置对塑料熔体在型腔中的填充模式和注射成型后塑件的内在机械物理性能及表观质量的影响。     

血管紧张素(1-7)的神经活性研究进展

血管紧张素(1-7)［angiotensin(1-7),Ang(1-7)］通过肾素-血管紧张素系统(renin-angiotensin system,RAS)新的作用分支血管紧张素转化酶2(angiotensin-converting enzyme 2,ACE2)-血管紧张素(1-7)-Mas受体(ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas)轴反向调节经典ACE-AngII-AT受体轴。Ang(1-7)广泛存在于下丘脑视上核和室旁核,可以通过缓激肽、一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、环氧合酶(COX)及一些信号通路影响其他中枢神经递质的合成及释放,发挥扩张血管、抗心律失常、抗炎等作用,达到保护心血管及中枢神经系统的效果。本文就Ang(1-7)的分布及在中枢神经系统中多样性的生物功能作一综述。     

水热沉积电压对C-AlPO_4涂层显微结构的影响

以方石英型磷酸铝(C-A1PO4)粉体为原料,异丙醇为溶剂,碘为荷电介质,采用水热电泳沉积方法在涂有SiC涂层的碳纤维增强碳(C/C-SiC复合材料表面制备了C-A1PO4外涂层.借助X射线衍射和扫描电镜表征了涂层的晶相组成和显微结构.研究了沉积电压对C-A1PO4涂层显微结构的影响,并测试了涂层的抗氧化性能.结果表明:在180～220V范围内,水热沉积电压对涂层的显微结构有较大的影响,220V时制备的涂层致密均匀.涂层的沉积量以及涂层与基体的结合强度随着沉积电压的升高而增加;单位面积沉积量与时间的二次方根之间符合线性关系.与包埋法制备的SiC涂层相比,水热电泳沉积法制备的C-A1PO4涂层具有更好的抗氧化性能,涂层样品在1500℃的空气中氧化37h后质量损失仅为0.53%.     

Yb2O3 and Gd2O3 doped strontium zirconate for thermal barrier coatings

Yb₂O₃ (10 mol%) and Gd₂O₃ (20 mol%) doped SrZrO₃ was investigated as a material for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications. The thermal expansion coefficients (TECs) of sintered bulk Sr(Zr_0.9Yb_0.1)O_2.95 and Sr(Zr_0.8Gd_0.2)O_2.9 were recorded by a high-temperature dilatometer and revealed a positive influence on phase transformations of SrZrO₃ by doping Yb₂O₃ or Gd₂O₃. The results for the thermal conductivities of Sr(Zr_0.9Yb_0.1)O_2.95 and Sr(Zr_0.8Gd_0.2)O_2.9 indicated that both dopants can reduce the thermal conductivity of SrZrO₃. Mechanical properties (Young's modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness) of dense Sr(Zr_0.9Yb_0.1)O_2.95 and Sr(Zr_0.8Gd_0.2)O_2.9 showed lower Young's modulus, hardness and comparable fracture toughness with respect to YSZ. The cycling lifetimes of Sr(Zr_0.9Yb_0.1)O_2.95/YSZ and Sr(Zr_0.8Gd_0.2)O_2.9/YSZ double layer coatings (DLC), which were prepared by plasma spraying, were comparable to that of YSZ at operating temperatures <1300 °C. However, the cycling lifetime of Sr(Zr_0.9Yb_0.1)O_2.95/YSZ DLC was 25% longer, whereas Sr(Zr_0.8Gd_0.2)O_2.9/YSZ DLC had a shorter lifetime compared to the optimized YSZ coating at operating temperatures >1300 °C.     

Properties of purified direct steam grown silicon thermal oxides

Thermal silicon oxides are known to very effectively passivate silicon surfaces. Choosing a water vapor ambient instead of a dry oxygen atmosphere increases the oxidation rate by about one order of magnitude and considerably reduces process time and costs. State of the art pyrox systems produce steam by pyrolysis of hydrogen and oxygen gas. A new approach is the purification of vaporized deionized (DI) water. In this work we present a direct comparison of both steam generation systems, which are connected to the same quartz tube of an industrial high quality tube furnace. The higher steam saturation of the direct steam process enhances the growth rate by about 20% compared to a pyrolytic steam based process. On low-resistivity p-type substrates, excellent surface recombination velocities of around 25 cm/s are found for both systems after a forming gas anneal. Detailed characterization shows similar physical properties of the oxide layers grown by either steam from pyrolysis or purified steam. Moreover, thermal oxide rear surface passivated silicon solar cells show similar high efficiencies exceeding 18.0% irrespective of the applied steam generation technology.     

热交换器在线清洗实施方案研究

热交换器的污垢问题是国民经济众多产业和部门急需解决的问题,也是传热学界未彻底解决的主要问题之一。在分析热交换器污垢的主要成分及形成机理的基础上,针对污垢成分配制了相应的清洗配方,设计了清洗流程及装置,得到了完整可行的热交换器在线清洗实施方案。