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21.
The plasma membrane of neurons can be divided into two domains, the soma-dendritic and the axonal. These domains perform different functions: the dendritic surface receives and processes information while the axonal surface is specialized for the rapid transmission of electrical impulses. This functional specialization is generated by sorting and anchoring mechanisms that guarantee the correct delivery and retention of specific membrane proteins. Our understanding of neuronal membrane protein sorting is primarily based on studies of protein overexpression in cultured neurons. These studies revealed that newly synthesized membrane proteins are segregated in the Golgi apparatus in the cell body from where they are transported to the axonal or dendritic surface. Such segregation presumably depends on sorting motifs in the proteins' primary structure. They appear to be located in the cytoplasmic tail for dendritic proteins and in the transmembrane-ectodomain for axonal proteins. Recent studies on neurotransmitter segregation suggest that anchoring in the correct subdomain of the plasma membrane also requires cytoplasmic tail information for binding to the cytoskeleton either directly or by linker proteins. Both mechanisms, sorting and retention, gradually mature during neural development. Young neurons appear to develop initial polarity by other mechanisms, presumably analogous to the mechanisms used by migrating cells. 相似文献
22.
SA Whitmore C Settasatian J Crawford KM Lower B McCallum R Seshadri CJ Cornelisse EW Moerland AM Cleton-Jansen AJ Tipping CG Mathew M Savnio A Savoia P Verlander AD Auerbach C Van Berkel JC Pronk NA Doggett DF Callen 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,52(3):325-331
BACKGROUND: Both fibroblast-mediated cytokine gene therapy and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) have proven to be efficient protocols for the recovery of bone marrow depression. In this report, the effects of fibroblast-mediated interleukin (IL)-6 gene therapy, in combination with BMT, on the recovery of irradiation-induced bone marrow depression were investigated. METHODS: NIH3T3 fibroblast cells engineered to secrete IL-6 (NIH3T3-IL-6) or NIH3T3 cells transduced with the neomycin gene (NIH3T3-Neo), in combination with 10(7), 10(6), or 10(5) syngeneic bone marrow cells, were implanted into irradiated mice. RESULTS: The platelets and white blood cells in the peripheral blood of the irradiated mice increased greatly 12 days after implantation of NIH3T3-IL-6 cells and BMT, the white blood cell counts were restored to a normal level 32 days after the combined therapy, and the platelet number was obviously higher than that in mice implanted with NIH3T3-Neo and BMT. Twenty and 25 days after the combined therapy, the mice showed accelerated recovery of colony-forming unit (CFU)-granulocyte/macrophages and CFU-megakaryocytes when compared with the mice implanted with NIH3T3-Neo cells and BMT. Ten days after lethal irradiation with gamma rays, the spleens formed more CFU-spleen in mice implanted with NIH3T3-IL-6 cells and BMT than in mice injected with phosphate-buffered saline or NIH3T3-Neo cells. Combined therapy with NIH3T3-IL-6 cell implantation and BMT delayed the survival period of the hematopoietic-depressed mice significantly when compared with therapy with NIH3T3-Neo cell implantation and BMT. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that the combined therapy of fibroblast-mediated IL-6 gene therapy and BMT could significantly promote the recovery of irradiation-induced hematopoietic depression. 相似文献
23.
24.
Differencing and merging of architectural views 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marwan Abi-Antoun Jonathan Aldrich Nagi Nahas Bradley Schmerl David Garlan 《Automated Software Engineering》2008,15(1):35-74
Differencing and merging architectural views is an important activity in software engineering. However, existing approaches
are still based on restrictive assumptions, such as requiring view elements to have unique identifiers or exactly matching
types, which is often not the case in many application domains.
We propose an approach based on structural information. We generalize a published polynomial-time tree-to-tree correction
algorithm that detects inserts, renames and deletes, into a novel algorithm that additionally detects restricted moves. Our
algorithm also supports forcing and preventing matches between view elements.
We incorporate the algorithm into tools to compare and merge Component-and-Connector (C&C) architectural views. We provide
an empirical evaluation of the algorithm. We illustrate the tools using extended examples, and use them to detect and reconcile
interesting differences between real architectural views.
This article is an expanded version of the following paper: Abi-Antoun, M., Aldrich, J., Nahas, N., Schmerl, B., and Garlan, D:
2006, ‘Differencing and Merging of Architectural Views’. In: Proceedings of the 21st IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, pp. 47–58. 相似文献
25.
CG de Koster W Heerma HA Pepermans A Groenewegen H Peters J Haverkamp 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1995,230(1):135-148
Natural mixtures of sophorolipids produced by the yeast Candida bombicola have been analyzed by fast atom bombardment (FAB)-MS and collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS. Some pure components have been analysed by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The presence of acidic, lactonic, and O-acetylated forms and the position of double bonds in the fatty acid part of these glycolipids can be easily inferred from positive and negative ion FAB-mass spectra. Details about position of O-acetylation can be obtained from CID mass spectra of [M+H]+ and [M-H]- ions and from the NMR spectra. Differences in CID fragmentation between protonated and sodiated molecular ions are discussed in detail. Enzymatic hydrolysis of 6',6"-di-O-acetyl sophorolipid lactone by cutinase from Fusarium solani results specifically in the removal of the 6'-O-acetyl group, whereas the 6"-O-acetyl and lactone group are resistant. This specificity is explained from a three-dimensional model of the sophorolipid generated on the basis of the short 1H,1H distances as inferred from the NMR (ROESY) spectra. 相似文献
26.
CG Persson JS Erjef?lt L Greiff M Andersson I Erjef?lt RW Godfrey M Korsgren M Linden F Sundler C Svensson 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,11(4):958-970
One significant characteristic of the airway mucosa in vivo, that cannot easily be mimicked in vitro, is its microcirculation, which generates a highly dynamic, biologically active milieu of plasma-derived molecules that may pass to the airway lumen in vivo. New data on the mechanisms of airway mucosal exudation indicate that the protein systems of circulating plasma may contribute significantly to the biology and immunology of the lamina propria, its surface epithelium and the luminal surface, not only in injured airways, but also in airways that are activated but display no sign of oedema, epithelial disruption, or increased absorption capacity. We suggest that present knowledge of the mechanisms of plasma exudation, together with rapidly emerging information (not detailed herein) on receptors, target cells and cellular responses to the plasma-derived molecules, must be considered in any realistic model that investigates "immuno-inflammatory" mechanisms of the airway mucosa. 相似文献
27.
PAN Bin ZHONG Fan WANG Shuai CHEN Wei & PENG QunSheng The State Key Lab of CAD & CG Hangzhou China 《中国科学:信息科学(英文版)》2011,(6):1199-1206
Salient structural elements are ubiquitous in natural textures, and their distribution exhibits some stochastic distribution features. Current texture synthesis algorithms can neither preserve the integrity of the elements nor capture this distributive information. We present an algorithm to treat this high-level visual information. Here, we address the issue by taking specific care of the structural elements. Our texture synthesis process grows the target texture one structural element at a time. A Markov ... 相似文献
28.
AD Gouliamos DS Kontogiannis J Androulidakis AE Kalovidouris LJ Vlahos CG Papavasiliou 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,17(3):446-448
The MR studies of three histologically proven spinal neurilemmomas and neurofibromas were reviewed retrospectively. There were two benign neurilemmomas (schwannomas) and one neurofibroma. The common characteristic of these cases was a central low intensity focus ("dot") seen on postcontrast T1-weighted imaging. The low intensity foci corresponded histologically to a congeries of changes including edema, microcysts, foam cells, hyalinization of blood vessels, old hemorrhage, and dystrophic calcification. 相似文献
29.
RE Falcone SR Wanamaker F Barnes CG Baxter SA Santanello 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,3(4):325-329
The number of people smoking free-base cocaine, or "crack," has increased dramatically in recent years. Concomitantly, the literature describing complications of such use has grown as well. Adverse pulmonary effects are being increasingly noted, such as respiratory symptoms, pulmonary hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, asthma, and pulmonary barotrauma. These and other pulmonary effects are reviewed. 相似文献
30.
Phonon dispersion in liquid He II at long wavelengths and low temperatures is calculated using a generalized polarization potential approach and shown to yield results in good agreement with both superthermal phonon propagation and neutron scattering experiments at pressures up to 24 bar. It is shown that the long-wavelength dispersion relation is of the form
q
=s
0
q(1+2
q
2+3
q
3+...) suggested by Feenberg and by Kemoklidze and Pitaevskii, but that the validity of such an expansion is restricted to wave vectorsq0.1Å
–1. For larger values ofq, one can force a polynomial fit, containing only odd powers ofq, to the dispersion curve and other parameters of interest, but the number of terms which must be kept is so large as to render such an approach unwieldy.Work supported in part by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF DMR72-03026. 相似文献