The effect of changing excitation frequency on parallel conductance in different sized hearts

OBJECTIVE: An important component of the ventricular volume measured using the conductance catheter technique is due to parallel conductance (Vc), which results from the extension of the electric field beyond the ventricular blood pool. Parallel conductance volume is normally estimated using the saline dilution method (Vc(saline dilution)), in which the conductivity of blood in the ventricle is transiently increased by injection of hypertonic saline. A simpler alternative has been reported by Gawne et al. [12]. Vc(dual frequency) is estimated from the difference in total conductance measured at two exciting frequencies and the method is based on the assumption that parallel conductance is mainly capacitive and hence is negligible at low frequency. The objective of this study was to determine whether the dual frequency technique could be used to substitute the saline dilution method to estimate Vc in different sized hearts. METHODS: The accuracy and linearity of a custom-built conductance catheter (CC) system was initially assessed in vitro. Subsequently, a CC and micromanometer were inserted into the left ventricle of seven 5 kg pigs (group 1) and six 50 kg pigs (group 2). Cardiac output was determined using thermodilution (group 1) and an ultrasonic flow probe (group 2) from which the slope coefficient (alpha) was determined. Steady state measurements and Vc estimated using saline dilution were performed at frequencies in the range of 5-40 kHz. All measurements were made at end-expiration. Finally, Vc was estimated from the change in end-systolic conductance between 5 kHz and 40 kHz using the dual frequency technique of Gawne et al. [12]. RESULTS: There was no change in measured volume of a simple insulated cylindrical model when the stimulating frequency was varied from 5-40 kHz. Vc(saline dilution) varied significantly with frequency in group 1 (8.63 +/- 2.74 ml at 5 kHz; 11.51 +/- 2.65 ml at 40 kHz) (p = 0.01). Similar results were obtained in group 2 (69.43 +/- 27.76 ml at 5 kHz; 101.24 +/- 15.21 ml at 40 kHz) (p < 0.001). However, the data indicate that the resistive component of the parallel conductance is substantial (Vc at 0 Hz estimated as 8.01 ml in group 1 and 62.3 ml in group 2). There was an increase in alpha with frequency in both groups but this did not reach significance. The correspondence between Vc(dual frequency) and Vc(saline dilution) methods was poor (group 1 R2 = 0.69; group 2 R2 = 0.22). CONCLUSION: At a lower excitation frequency of 5 kHz a smaller percentage of the electric current extends beyond the blood pool so parallel conductance is reduced. While parallel conductance is frequency dependent, it has a substantial resistive component. The dual frequency method is based on the assumption that parallel conductance is negligible at low frequencies and this is clearly not the case. The results of this study confirm that the dual frequency technique cannot be used to substitute the saline dilution technique.     

Über den Einfluß eines örtlich veränderlichen Reibwertes auf die Berechnung der Kräfte bei technischen Umformverfahren

Erfassung der Randschubspannung zwischen Werkzeug und Werkstück durch die Einführung eines veränderlichen Reibwertes. Abhängigkeit des Reibwertes von Druck, (Relativ-Geschwindigkeit und Temperatur aus vorliegenden physikalischen Untersuchungen der Reibverhältnisse; Reibgesetze aus Auswertung des einschlägigen Schrifttums. Vergleich verschiedener Reibgesetze bei den Umformverfahren Ziehen, Bandwalzen und Stauchen mit Hilfe der elementaren Theorie. Folgerungen für die Anwendung eines örtlich veränderlichen Reibwertes bei der Berechnung plastischer Umformvorgänge.     

Detection of muramidase (lysozyme)-secreting leucocytes at the single-cell level by a protein A plaque assay

Using a modification of the protein A plaque assay, muramidase (lysozyme)-producing leucocytes were detected as plaque-forming cells. In the presence of anti-muramidase Ig and complement the secreted lysozyme resulted in lysis of protein-A-coated target erythrocytes. By the use of a monolayer technique individual plaque-forming cells could be identified by staining procedures. Granulocytes as well as monocytes were found to produce muramidase and thus to form plaques. This method could serve as a useful tool when studying lysozyme secretion. Furthermore, by the use of appropriate antisera, this method could be employed for the study of any cell type (any secretion), provided enough molecules are being secreted.     

基于DRM技术的IPTV版权保护模型研究

随着网络的迅猛发展,IPTV通过网际协议(IP)来提供包括数字电视节目在内的多种数字多媒体服务及增值业务。由于IPTV的核心是内容传播,所以内容的版权管理是IPTV的一个关键问题。本文介绍了数字版权管理的基本原理,分析了现有DRM系统的缺点,提出了一种IPTV系统的数字版权管理改进模型,详细阐述了其工作流程,并对其相关性能进行分析。     

Unsupervided pattern recognition for the classification of EMG signals

The shapes and firing rates of motor unit action potentials (MUAP's) in an electromyographic (EMG) signal provide an important source of information for the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. In order to extract this information from EMG signals recorded at low to moderate force levels, it is required: i) to identify the MUAP's composing the EMG signal, ii) to classify MUAP's with similar shape, and iii) to decompose the superimposed MUAP waveforms into their constituent MUAP's. For the classification of MUAP's two different pattern recognition techniques are presented: i) an artificial neural network (ANN) technique based on unsupervised learning, using a modified version of the self-organizing feature maps (SOFM) algorithm and learning vector quantization (LVQ) and ii) a statistical pattern recognition technique based on the Euclidean distance. A total of 1213 MUAP's obtained from 12 normal subjects, 13 subjects suffering from myopathy, and 15 subjects suffering from motor neuron disease were analyzed. The success rate for the ANN technique was 97.6% and for the statistical technique 95.3%. For the decomposition of the superimposed waveforms, a technique using crosscorrelation for MUAP's alignment, and a combination of Euclidean distance and area measures in order to classify the decomposed waveforms is presented. The success rate for the decomposition procedure was 90%.     

逆向工程实体模型重建技术研究

针对CMM扫描线数据,进行了数据分层和数据排序,完成了数据拓扑关系的建立.研究了距离阈值法和向量角度法相结合的数据精简方法和基于分层维的特征提取技术.以基于分层维的数据处理技术研究为基础,提出了一种利用数据点特征的非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)曲面重构方法,在Solidworks中实现了实体模型的重建.     

基于高性能单片机的双CPU通用数控系统

讨论了基于高性能单片机的双CPU的通用数控系统的设计。系统采用两个高性能单片机为处理器，处理器间相互通信，协调工作。软件采用模块化设计。使用时针对具体数控系统功能要求，将通用系统略加增删，便能满足客户需求，体现了数控系统的通用性。通过在STAR-06TQ数控涂漆机上的实际应用，证明本系统能够满足预期设计要求。