Intracellular routes and selective retention of antigens in mildly acidic cathepsin D/lysosome-associated membrane protein-1/MHC class II-positive vesicles in immature dendritic cells

Immature dendritic cells (DC) use both macropinocytosis and mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis to internalize soluble Ags efficiently. These Ags are ultimately presented to T cells after DC maturation and migration into the lymph nodes. We have previously described the immortalized myeloid cell line FSDC as displaying the characteristics of early DC precursors that efficiently internalize soluble Ags. To describe the different routes of Ag uptake and to identify the Ag retention compartments in FSDC, we followed the intracellular fate of FITC-coupled OVA, dextran (DX), transferrin, and Lucifer Yellow using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy. OVA and DX gained access into macropinosomes and early endosomes. DX was preferentially sorted into endosomal compartments, while most of the OVA entered macropinosomes via fluid phase uptake. We found a long-lasting retention of DX and OVA of up to 24 h. After 6 h of chase, these two molecules were concentrated in common vesicular compartments. These retention compartments were distinct from endosomes and lysosomes; they were much larger, only mildly acidic, and lacked the small GTP binding protein rab7. However, they were positive for lysosome-associated membrane protein-1, the protease cathepsin D, and MHC class II molecules, thus representing matured macropinosomes. These data suggest that the activity of vacuolar proteases is reduced at the mildly acidic pH of these vesicles, which explains their specific retention of an Ag. The retention compartments might be used by nonlymphoid tissue DC to store peripheral Ags during their migration to the lymph node.     

Deferoxamine in thalassemia major

The evolution of women's health both in the United States and abroad is a direct result of an intense commitment to scientific investigation and education. Society serves to benefit greatly from this global effort.     

利用辐射壁提高燃油锅炉热效率的研究

针对一台立式燃油热水锅炉的结构特点,设计了在炉膛安装燃烧反应器对锅炉进行节能改造的方案,通过流体计算软件Fluent 对锅炉改造前后的燃烧换热状况进行了数值计算,并进行了锅炉改造前后热平衡对比试验,数值计算和试验结果基本一致.改造后提高了炉膛辐射换热量,增加了热烟气在炉内的停留时间,改变了原来锅炉炉膛受热不均的状况,换...     

Complete Mill Simulation of the Rolling Process of 1660 mm Hot Strip Continuous Mills

The three-dimensional plastic deformations of strip are analyzed using the stream surface strip element method, the elastic deformations of rolls are analyzed using the influence coefficient method, the analyzing and computing model of shape and crown of 4-high mill was established by combining them, and the rolling process of 1660 mm hot strip continuous mills was simulated. The simulated results tally well with the experimental results. The modei and the method for simulation of shape analysis and control of hot strip mills were provided.     

Persistence of the interaction of calmodulin with adenylyl cyclase: implications for integration of transient calcium stimuli

Ca2+/calmodulin-sensitive adenylyl cyclase plays a role in several forms of synaptic plasticity and learning. To understand how cellular signals from neuronal activity during behavioral stimuli might be integrated by adenylyl cyclase, we have characterized the response of type I adenylyl cyclase to transient Ca2+ stimuli. Stimulation by a several second Ca2+ stimulus is delayed, rising to a peak after the Ca2+ stimulus has ended. We attempted to identify the site of the persistent Ca2+ signal that enabled adenylyl cyclase stimulation to increase after free Ca2+ had declined. Free calmodulin itself displayed no persistent activation by Ca2+ and was unable to activate adenylyl cyclase if exposed to low Ca2+ solution <1 s before reaching adenylyl cyclase. In contrast, activation of the calmodulin-adenylyl cyclase complex persisted for seconds after Ca2+ stimulus. Activation decayed with a time constant of 6 or 13 s depending on assay conditions. These results suggest that the calmodulin-adenylyl cyclase complex can serve as a site of cellular memory for a Ca2+ transient that has ended even before adenylyl cyclase is fully activated.     

巴什二井钻井液堵漏技术

巴什二井是位于塔里木油田山前构造的一口探井,完钻井深3587m。巴什二井下第三系上部地层的复合膏盐层易发生蠕变,缩经,坍塌和软泥岩膨胀,下部地层的砂砾岩和白恶系地层的细砂岩,易发生渗透性漏失,针对漏失性质,采用了不同的堵漏方法,即：对漏速小于5m^3/h的井漏采用随钻堵漏;钻遇砂砾岩、砂酸盐岩地层发生漏速较大的井漏时,采取静止堵漏法;当随钻堵漏和静止堵漏失败后,说明地层存在裂缝,溶洞或压差过大,采用桥接堵漏法,采取的防漏措施有,当确定同裸眼井段内存在若干套压力系数时,要提前下套管封住上部高压地层,再降低钻井液密度钻开下部低压地层,专层专打;钻进易漏地层时,简化钻具结构,用小排量钻过漏层,再恢复正常钻进;下钻时分段循环钻井液,减小环空流动阻力;严禁在漏层附近开泵或划眼。巴什二井采用这套堵漏方法和堵漏措施后,顺利钻穿复杂地层,完钻施工顺利。