New polymers from epoxidized soybean oil with pyridine derivatives

In this study 4‐methylpyridine (4MP), 4‐vinylpyridine (4VP) and poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) were separately reacted with epoxidized soybean oil triglycerides (ESO) to give plant oil based thermoset polymers. The addition reaction of pyridine with epoxide followed by a rearrangement results in formation of pyridone units and these were polymerized via a Diels–Alder reaction. DMA, DSC, TGA and IR spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the products. 4MP‐ESO, P4VP‐ESO and P4VP‐ESO‐in situ polymers were crosslinked yielding rigid infusible polymers. Glass transition temperatures (T_g) of 4MP‐ESO and P4VP‐ESO‐in situ were found as ?10.5 and 70.5 (32.3 as shoulder) °C respectively, by DMA analysis. Storage moduli of 4MP‐ESO and P4VP‐ESO‐in situ at 25°C were 13.7 and 187.2 MPa, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

From Metalloligand to Extended 3D Network: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property of {[Cu(en)2][Cu(μ3-pydc)2]·6H2O}n

A novel 2D coordination polymer, {[Cu(en)₂][Cu(μ₃-pydc)₂]·6H₂O} _n (1) pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (pydcH₂); ethylenediamine (en), based on the metalloligand [Cu(μ-pydcH)₂] _n , has been prepared and characterized by IR, UV–Vis and ESR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The temperature dependent magnetic properties have also been studied. The pydc ligand exhibits tetradentate-μ₃ bridging mode, being coordinated through three carboxylate oxygens and one nitrogen atom. The complex contains two copper(II) ions that exhibit two different coordination environment with two en and two pydc ligands. The single crystal structure shows that the complex forms a 3D framework with 2D layers along the c-axis. Van der Waals interactions are responsible for the self-assembly of the layer into a 3D network.     

Regional disparities in the European Union and the enlargement process: an exploratory spatial data analysis, 1995–2000

The aim of this paper is to study the space–time dynamics of European regional per capita gross domestic product (GDP) in the perspective of the enlargement of the European Union using exploratory spatial data analysis. We find strong evidence of global and local spatial autocorrelation as well as spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of regional per capita GDP in a sample of 258 European regions including regions from acceding and candidate European countries over the period 1995–2000. However, contrary to previous results obtained in the literature highlighting a North–South polarization scheme, the enlargement process leads to a new North–West–East polarization scheme. The economic dynamism of EU15 regions and acceding or candidate regions is also investigated by exploring the spatial pattern of regional growth. Implications for regional development and cohesion policies are finally suggested.     

Lagrangian formulation of electromagnetic fields in nondispersive medium by means of the extended Euler–Lagrange differential equation

This work is concerned with the Lagrangian formulation of electromagnetic fields. Here, the extended Euler–Lagrange differential equation for continuous, nondispersive media is employed. The Lagrangian density for electromagnetic fields is extended to derive all four Maxwell’s equations by means of electric and magnetic potentials. For the first time, ohmic losses for time and space variant fields are included. Therefore, a dissipation density function with time dependent and gradient dependent terms is developed. Both, the Lagrangian density and the dissipation density functions obey the extended Euler–Lagrange differential equation. Finally, two examples demonstrate the advantage of describing interacting physical systems by a single Lagrangian density.     

Reducibility of nickeliferous limonitic laterite ore from Central Anatolia

Limonitic nickel laterite from Sivrihisar reserve in Turkey was reduced at 700–1100°C by the addition of 5·74, 8·61 and 11·48 wt-% coal under an argon atmosphere. The run-of-mine ore and the reduced samples were studied using X-ray diffraction. The metallisation of Fe was found to be limited up to 900°C, but increased rapidly at higher temperatures. The metallisation of Ni and Co increased when the temperature was increased from 700 to 800°C, almost levelled off up to 900°C and then increased up to 1100°C. The results also showed that increased coal additions did not affect Fe metallisation up to 900°C. At 1000°C the metallisation of Fe became slightly better, but its effect was more pronounced at 1100°C. The increased coal addition affected the nickel reduction equally at all temperatures, while it had no effect on the metallisation of Co.

La réserve de nickel limnétique en Turquie a été réduit à 700-1100 ° C par l'addition de 5.74, 8.61 and 11.48 wt-% de charbon sous atmosphère d'argon. Le minerai et les échantillons réduits ont été étudiés par DRX. La métallisation de Fe a été jugée limitée à 900 ° C, mais elle a augmenté rapidement à des températures plus élevées. La métallisation de Ni et Co a augmenté lorsque la température a été augmentée de 700 à 800 ° C, presque stabilisé jusqu'à 900 ° C puis 1100 ° C. Les résultats ont également montré que l'augmentation des ajouts de charbon n'a pas affecté Fe métallisation jusqu'à 900° C. A 1000 ° C, la métallisation de Fe s'est un peu ameliorée, mais son effet était plus prononcé à 1100 ° C. L'augmentation du taux de charbon a affecté une constante réduction de nickel à toutes les températures, alors qu'il n'a eu aucun effet sur la métallisation de Co.