Attractancy and species specificity of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide,a mosquito oviposition attractant pheromone

Four stereoisomers of 6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, a mosquito oviposition attractant pheromone, were bioassayed for their activity on mosquitoes. Only (–)-(5R,6S) isomer was active in attractingCulex quinquefasciatus Say females for oviposition at dosages of 0.5 g/100 ml water and above with the floating-cap method. The activity of this isomer increased 50-fold when it was applied directly to the water surface. The other three isomers, (+)-(5S,6R), (+)-(5R,6R), and (–)-(5s, 6s), were not active. The active isomer was ovipositionally attractive not only toC. quinquefasciatus but also toC. tarsalis Coquillett; however, it was 100 times more active in the former than in the latter species.Aedes aegypti (L.) andAnopheles quadrimaculatus Say were not attracted to the pheromone, thus suggesting that the pheromone is genus-specific.     

Financial guarantees

Financial guarantees are issued in order to ensure the availability of funds, in the event that a party, inviting a tender or awarding a contract, has a legitimate claim against the tenderer for the contract. This paper looks at the types of guarantee, their source and the principles embobied in the International Chamber of Commerce rules. Risk and cost involved with guarantees are also discussed.     

Psychological consultation with primary care physicians: Obstacles and opportunities in the medical setting.

This article discusses the relationship between psychologists and primary care physicians and describes the training and practice of physicians in the areas of mental and behavioral health care. Issues affecting the relationship between psychologists and primary care physicians are then reviewed. Different models of psychological consultation are discussed, and an integrated behavioral systems model of psychological consultation is presented as a potentially effective model for consultation with primary care physicians. This model provides a framework for psychologists to function as coproviders of primary health care services. Practical strategies to enhance collaboration between psychologists and primary care physicians in private practice are discussed. The need for more research on primary care and for the inclusion of psychologists in managed care and health care reform are also highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Newer antidepressants. Beyond selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants

This article outlines the use of alternative agents to TCAs and SSRIs. Features of the more commonly used alternative antidepressant agents are outlined. In addition, antidepressant agents that are currently either under development or used in other countries are indicated for completeness because it seems likely that many of these will be introduced in the United States within the next few years. Many of these agents will be used by pediatricians and child psychiatrists for treatment of depression in children, and although much further research is needed, the future for alternative antidepressants and augmenting strategies is extremely promising.     

Institutional males' perception of three counseling techniques

The use of advice-giving, Adlerian interpretation, and analytically derived interpretation with regard to whether feelings of approach, attack, or withdrawal were elicited was investigated by having subjects view a videotape of eight-role-played counseling segments. The videotape presented problem-statements by a role-playing adolescent followed by a role-playing counselor who made three separate responses to the statements. Subjects were 20 internally and 20 externally controlled incarcerated youth who indicated how each counselor's response made them feel (approach, attack, or withdrawal). Both internally and externally controlled subjects tended to respond to Adlerian interpretation and analytically derived interpretation with attack - and withdrawal - feelings and to advice-giving with approach-feelings in this quasi-counseling situation.     

A cross-cultural study of industrial research performance.

To determine the cultural generality of selected U.S. findings, questionnaire data covering working environment, job behavior, and personal history variables were obtained from 220 British scientists. Responses for 120 Ss were analyzed against 3 criteria of research performance: (1) supervisory ratings of research creativity, (2) number of patent specifications, and (3) number of technical publications. The significant variables for each criterion were used to develop scoring keys which were cross-validated on the remaining 100 scientists. The resulting tetrachoric correlations were .64, .73, and .60 for rated creativity, patents, and publications, respectively. Examples of significant items are presented and the findings are related to prior U.S. studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dilute acid pre-treatment of oilseed rape straw for bioethanol production

The objective of the research was to investigate the effect of biomass loading, acid concentration and pre-treatment time on the yield of sugars obtained after acid pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of oilseed rape (OSR) straw. The highest concentration of glucose (313.4 ± 7.53 mg g^?1 biomass) extracted after hydrolysis was achieved when OSR straw was pre-treated for 90 min; a glucan conversion efficiency of 81%. The highest concentration of sugars extracted immediately after pre-treatment was achieved with a pre-treatment time of 60 min. Pre-treatment energy efficiency in terms of total yield of sugars per MJ of energy consumed was higher when OSR straw was pre-treated for 60 min compared to 90 min even though the conversion of sugar extracted was lower at 60 min.     

A systems and social cognitive approach to team functioning in physical rehabilitation settings.

Recent models for implementing team efforts in physical medicine and rehabilitation have focused on interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches that emphasize role release. To date, no empirical research exists that has documented the clinical effectiveness of such models. These approaches directly violate certain assumptions inherent in systems models and social-cognitive approaches to interpersonal functioning, and it is argued that inappropriate applications of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary approaches, although theoretically viable, can potentially result in fragmentation of team efforts, staff dissension, and ultimately poor patient outcome. The ways in which systems and social cognitive tenets are violated are outlined, and recommendations are offered for theoretical and practical alternatives, such as a facilitated-interactive team approach, to the implementation of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary team models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of species sensitivity distributions derived from interspecies correlation models to distributions used to derive water quality criteria

Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) require a large number of measured toxicity values to define a hazard level protective of multiple species. This investigation comprehensively evaluated the accuracy of SSDs generated from toxicity values predicted from interspecies correlation estimation (ICE) models. ICE models are log-log correlations of multiple chemical toxicity values for a pair of species that allow the toxicity of multiple species to be predicted from a single measured acute toxicity value for a surrogate species. ICE SSDs were generated using four surrogate species (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss; sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon varigatus; and water flea, Daphnia magna). ICE-based hazard concentrations (HC5s) from the 5th percentile of the log-logistic distribution of toxicity values were compared to HC5s determined from the acute toxicity of 55 chemicals from the United States Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). Measured fish and invertebrate acute toxicity data and HC5s from the AWQC data sets were compared to ICE-based HC5s. Surrogate species choice was found to be an important consideration in developing predictive HC5s. These results illustrated that fish predict fish betterthan invertebrates and D. magna predicted invertebrates better than most fish. For example, a mixed model of predicted fish and invertebrates from fathead minnow and D. magna as surrogate species provided predictive relationships with an average factor of 3.0 (+/- 6.7) over 7 orders of toxic magnitude and several chemical classes (HC5(predicted)/HC5(measured)). The application of ICE models is recommended as a valid approach for generating SSDs and hazard concentrations for chemicals with limited toxicity data.