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221.
Christophe Schlick 《Computer Graphics Forum》1994,13(3):233-246
A new BRDF model is presented which can be viewed as an kind of intermediary model between empirism and theory. Main results of physics are observed (energy conservation, reciprocity rule, microfacet theory) and numerous phenomena involved in light reflection are accounted for, in a physically plausible way (incoherent and coherent reflection, spectrum modifications, anisotropy, self-shadowing, multiple surface and subsurface reflection, differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous materials). The model has been especially intended for computer graphics applications and therefore includes two main features: simplicity (a small number of intuitively understandable parameters controls the model) and efficiency (the formulation provides adequation to Monte-Carlo rendering techniques and/or hardware implementations). 相似文献
222.
Pierre‐Olivier Santacreu Jean‐Christophe Glez Guillaume Chinouilh Thomas Frhlich 《国际钢铁研究》2006,77(9-10):686-691
One of the most important preoccupation of car manufacturers is to reduce emissions and hence to reduce weight of cars. One of the outstanding materials able to reduce weight while at the same time keeping the same crash absorption and hence safety, is austenitic steel. Austenitic stainless steels are used in crash relevant parts of cars. Moreover, designers can use their very good corrosion resistance and their well known surface aspect for structural visible parts like wheels, cross members, roof panels or tailgates. In this paper, stainless steels for automotive use are presented in detail. First, their chemical composition and tensile properties are explained. Then, a model for forming and crash behaviour is described. Using this model, stainless steels can be engineered into automotive parts and thus stainless steel can be considered as a workable and predictable material for the automotive industry. 相似文献
223.
Christophe Dematte?¨ Nicolas Molinari Jean-Pierre Daurès 《Computational statistics & data analysis》2007,51(8):3931-3945
An original method is proposed for spatial cluster detection of case event data. A selection order and the distance from the nearest neighbour are attributed to each point, once pre-selected points have been taken into account. This distance is weighted by the expected distance under the uniform distribution hypothesis. Potential clusters are located by modelling the multiple structural change of the distances on the selection order and the best model (containing one or several potential clusters) is selected using the double maximum test. Finally a p-value is obtained for each potential cluster. With this method multiple clusters of any shape can be detected. 相似文献
224.
Sébastien Géhant Christophe Fond Robert Schirrer 《International Journal of Fracture》2003,122(3-4):161-175
The principles of the cavitation criteria for rubber particles in polymeric matrices are briefly reviewed. Although these criteria are based on a linear elastic analysis, it is shown that it is possible to extend them to take into account the elastic-plastic behaviour of the matrix. In this objective, the representative volume element of a periodic material was meshed and computations were performed using a finite element method. The results reported in this paper focus mainly on cavitation under uniaxial tension and examine the influence on the hydrostatic stress in the rubber particles of different parameters such as the volume fraction of rubber, the plastic behaviour of the matrix or the ratio of the elastic moduli. In all cases, plastic yielding in the matrix leads to saturation of the hydrostatic stress in the rubber phase. It is also shown that the history of cavitation barely influences the progression of plasticity in the matrix. 相似文献
225.
226.
Noël Challamel Christophe Lanos Charles Casandjian 《International Journal of Mechanical Sciences》2005,47(3):459-473
A new continuum damage mechanics model is developed to describe the behaviour of quasi-brittle materials under general path loading. The induced damage is represented by a second rank symmetric tensor. The constitutive equations are based on irreversible thermodynamics theory. The strain-based model covers in an unified way the unsymmetrical behaviour in tension and in compression and the unilateral response due to crack closure effect. Uniaxial stress tests (in tension as in compression) show realistic non-linear responses in the stress–strain space. The different behaviour in both domains is covered by a single set of equations. A significant volume dilatation is noticed in compression. The model can be generalised to time-dependent phenomena. 相似文献
227.
Christophe Josserand Yves Pomeau Sergio Rica 《Journal of Low Temperature Physics》2006,145(1-4):231-265
In this article, we review how a condensate builds-up in finite time, by a self-similar blow-up of the solution of three different models of kinetic equations. After the blow-up time, the growth of the coherent phase is described by equations coupling the energy distribution for the normal gas and the condensate. 相似文献
228.
Folding of coated papers is examined numerically using the finite element method. The analysis is focused on the influence from dynamic effects on the folding process. In particular, the behaviour of field variables relevant for cracking of the coating layers are studied in some detail. The results presented indicate that dynamic effects are of little importance as regards maximum strain levels in the coating but will influence the stress and strain distributions. Accordingly, a quasi-static analysis of the problem will be sufficient in order to describe many of the important features related to cracking. 相似文献
229.
Laetitia Théron Laetitia Chevarin Nathalie Robert Christophe Dutertre Véronique Santé-Lhoutellier 《Meat science》2009
The aim of this work was to define reliable markers of muscle and processing time in dry-cured ham using a rapid, precise semi quantitative method for the protein fraction soluble in low ionic strength buffer. For this purpose protein labchip Agilent was used to separate proteins and peptides and accurately determine their molecular weights and concentrations electrophoretically. In this way the protein fingerprinting of dry-cured ham at different process times was characterised, together with targets and products of proteolysis. In addition, the comparison of all the electrophoregrams indicated muscle and dry-curing process markers. 相似文献
230.