Sensitivity of transformer's hottest-spot and equivalent aging to selected parameters

In 1995, IEEE released a revised Transformer Loading Guide which includes an Annex G that contains an additional set of transformer temperature equations that incorporate oil-flow phenomena, changing ambient air temperature, and account for the change in resistivity of the winding due to heating. These new equations involve empirical exponent variables that account for properties of the transformer. This paper investigates sensitivity of hottest-spot temperature and equivalent aging of transformers with respect to these variables. By varying these variables under various load conditions and by Monte Carlo simulation with different probability distributions of these variables, their importance in the transformer model and their influence in modeling accuracy pertaining to the Annex G equations have been obtained.     

Pulse-Frequency Characteristics in Bifurcation Problems

Generation of self-oscillations under unstable stationary states of nonlinear control systems, which may contain delay of complicated nature (the Andronov–Hopf bifurcation), and approximate design of self-oscillating states and their asymptotes are studied with the help of pulse-frequency characteristics of the linear component of a system.     

Tunable circular patch antennas

A method to control the resonant or operating frequencies of circular patch antennas has been investigated experimentally and theoretically. It consists of the placement of passive metallic or tuning posts at approximate locations within the input region of the antenna. Comparison of measured and analytical results seems to establish the validity of a theoretical model proposed to determine the input performance of such circular patch antennas.     

Radiation-Induced graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fibers. V. Mechanical properties

Mechanical properties of polypropylene-g-poly(methacrylic acid) fibers, prepared by graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto polypropylene fiber using simultaneous gamma ray irradiation technique, were evaluated. In general, an improvement in the mechanical behavior of the polypropylene fiber by grafting was observed. Denier and initial modulus of the fiber showed a linear increase with the percent graft, and elongation showed an opposite trend. The results have been explained in terms of reinforcing effect of poly(methacrylic acid) grafts and reduction in the segmental mobility of the polymeric chains. Tenacity also increases up to certain graft level, beyond which a sharp decrease occurs, probably due to the influence on the compactness of the macromolecular chains with the further grafting.     

Kinetic analysis of the crystallization of poly(p-phenylene sulphide)

Growth rates of spherulites were measured in poly(p-phenylene sulphide) crystallized from the melt and the quenched glass over the temperature range 100°C–280°C, possibly the most extensive overall range yet reported for any polymer and, as such, most propitious for study of régime III crystallization. For a medium M.wt. polymer, a régime II → III transition was obtained at 208°C using values of transport parameters common to many polymers ($\text{U1 = 1400}\text{cal mol}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}$, T_∞ ? T_g = 30°C) together with experimentally determined values of T⁰_m(315°C) and T_g(92°C). Under these conditions, the régime III/II slope ratio was found to be 2.07 (i.e. only 3.5% higher than predicted by régime theory), and reasonable estimates of surface free energies and of the work of chain folding were obtained. Other choices of the transport terms, including WLF and zero values, did not allow successful kinetic analyses. Although a régime I → II transition is predicted to occur at the high-temperature end of our growth-rate data, we found no experimental evidence for it. For a low M.wt. polymer, our analysis showed that régime III kinetics is obeyed at low temperatures, while at higher ones there is a continuous departure from that behaviour without, however, full attainment of régime II kinetics.     

Bioactivity of antifouling paints based on organotin toxicants

This paper discusses the bioactivity of antifouling paints based on organotin toxicants, such as tributyltin fluoride (TBTF) and triphenyltin fluoride (TPTF). These compounds were used alone or mixed as the main toxicant in formulations. The use of TPTF or mixtures of TPTF and TBTF, with vinyl binders, led to paints with satisfactory bioactivity during a 24 months immersion period. With the same binders, TBTF alone provided only 12 months of antifouling protection. The correlation coefficients calculated from the fouling attachment values and the rosin content in the binder showed that the bioactivity of the tested formulations depended on the solubility of the toxicant in sea water and on the composition and solubility of the binders.     

Gigahertz signal processing using reflex optoelectronic switching matrices

The application of reflex optoelectronic switching matrices (ROSM) to signal processing in the gigahertz region is analyzed. Various signal processing functions such as delay generation, loop filtering, word generation/detection, integration, and digital to analog conversion are identified and their respective realizations in a ROSM are presented. It is found that for dedicated signal processing functions, simpler submatrices instead of full matrices can be employed with significant reduction in complexity and cost. The performance of ROSM's using currently commercially available components confirms the feasibility of gigahertz signal processing with ROSM's.     

A method to study the history of a double oxide film defect in liquid aluminum alloys

Entrained double oxide films have been held responsible for reductions in mechanical properties in aluminum casting alloys. However, their behavior in the liquid metal, once formed, has not been studied directly. It has been proposed that the atmosphere entrapped in the double oxide film defect will continue to react with the liquid metal surrounding it, perhaps leading to its elimination as a significant defect. A silicon-nitride rod with a hole in one end was plunged into liquid aluminum to hold a known volume of air in contact with the liquid metal at a constant temperature. The change in the air volume with time was recorded by real-time X-ray radiography to determine the reaction rates of the trapped atmosphere with the liquid aluminum, creating a model for the behavior of an entrained double oxide film defect. The results from this experiment showed that first oxygen, and then nitrogen, was consumed by the aluminum alloy, to form aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride, respectively. The effect of adding different elements to the liquid aluminum and the effect of different hydrogen contents were also studied. This article is based on a presentation made in the John Campbell Symposium on Shape Casting, held during the TMS Annual Meeting, February 13–17, 2005, in San Francisco, CA.     

A Platform-Based Taxonomy for ESL Design

This article presents a taxonomy for ESL tools and methodologies that combines UC Berkeley's platform-based design terminologies with Dan Gajski's Y-chart work. This is timely and necessary because in the ESL world we seem to be building tools without first establishing an appropriate design flow or methodology, thereby creating a lot of confusion. This taxonomy can help stem the tide of confusion.     

Phosphorus Inputs to Lake Simcoe from 1990 to 2003: Declines in Tributary Loads and Observations on Lake Water Quality

Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue.