Criterion validity and the utility of reactive and proactive aggression: comparisons to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and other measures of functioning

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is a clinicopathologic entity that includes proteinuria, azotemia, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or mesangial hyperplasia, and tubulointerstitial disease. The incidence of HIVAN is increased in black patients and variable depending on the age and geographic area. The objective of this study was to describe relevant clinical and pathological findings in 30 children with HIVAN followed at the Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C. Our experience of the last 12 years showed a spectrum of HIVAN that seems to be coincident with the degree of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) symptomatology. By renal sonograms and frequent urinalysis, we identified children undergoing the early stages of HIVAN with enlarged echogenic kidneys, proteinuria, and "urine microcysts". HIVAN did not necessarily progress rapidly to end-stage renal disease. Nephrotic syndrome or chronic renal insufficiency were late manifestations of HIVAN. Children with HIVAN were likely to develop transient electrolyte disorders, heavy proteinuria, and acute renal failure due to systemic infectious episodes or nephrotoxic drugs. HIVAN was associated with other HIV-induced illnesses and high mortality rates. Early detection and careful clinical follow-up of children with HIVAN may reduce the incidence of renal-cardiovascular complications and improve their quality of life.     

协同业务过程与需求的建模及一致性验证

自底向上建模方法中的业务过程由不同组织开发,无法在设计阶段就预见其潜在的所有交互可能.因此,在实际协作中,建立协同业务过程可能与参与组织期望的系统功能和特性不一致.为此,提出一种协同业务过程与需求的建模及一致性验证方法.首先,引入并发操作符,提供一种通过组合参与组织的业务过程构建协同业务过程方法;然后,扩展目标模型,提出需求依赖图来建模参与组织的需求;最后,基于模型检测技术提出协同业务过程与需求一致性检测方法.重点解决了将协同业务过程转换为表达能力相同FSP进程规约和参与组织需求转换为LTL公式这两个问题.通过对典型的协同业务过程集阐述提出方法的有效性,并对方法分析效率进行评价,结果表明：相对已有工作,提出方法能够更加有效地用于协同业务过程与需求的一致性分析.     

Iron status and diet in athletes

Plasma ferritin (F) concentrations were measured (range 12-245 ng.ml-1) as an indicator of iron status in 24 male and 45 female healthy, nonanemic athletes. Usual food intake was assessed using a self-completed but supervised food frequency questionnaire. Linear regression was applied to determine the relationship between log F (as data was skewed) and average daily intake of iron (Fe), meat (M), protein (Pr), carbohydrate (CHO), fat (Fa), fiber (Fi), and kilojoules (Kj). There were negative correlations between F and each of Kj (P < 0.01) and CHO (P < 0.001), and a positive correlation between F and Pr/Kj (P < 0.01). No significant relationship existed between F and any of Fe, M, Fa, or Fi. These data suggest that iron or meat intake may not be important determinants of iron status in these athletes. Instead, the percentage of protein in the diet may be more influential on F, as may the (negative) effect of Kj and CHO intake, or at least their reflection of energy expenditure.     

A comparative analysis of embryos derived from routine in-vitro fertilization and subzonal microinsemination

Embryos obtained from patients undergoing routine in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer were compared with those undergoing subzonal microinsemination (SUZI) for male factor infertility. Overall, the proportion of cleaved embryos was significantly higher in the IVF group in comparison with the SUZI group at 48 h post-insemination [1533 out of 1609 (95.3%) versus 776 out of 952 (81.5%)]. The mean +/- SD grading score of the IVF-derived embryos of 3.61 +/- 0.50 was significantly better than that for SUZI of 2.97 +/- 0.86 (P < 0.0005) at the same time. The implantation rates following the replacement of IVF or SUZI embryos at 48 h were comparable: 14.3 and 10.0% respectively. However, the IVF embryo implantation rate of 15.1% at 72 h was significantly better than that following the replacement of SUZI embryos at either 48 (10.0%) or 72 h (8.0%). The replacement of SUZI-derived embryos at 48 h resulted in significantly higher pregnancy (25.0%) and implantation rates (10.0%) than at 72 h, with rates of 10.8 and 8.0% respectively. Similarly, the overall embryo quality deteriorated following in-vitro culture for up to 72 h. The clinical pregnancy loss rate (33.0%) was highest following the replacement of SUZI embryos at 72 h, although the data were limited. It is suggested that these data indicate that a combination of in-vitro manipulation, the injection of multiple spermatozoa into the subzonal space and probably the genomic capacity of spermatozoa derived from poor-quality semen may contribute to the poorer outcome of embryo development following SUZI. Prolonged in-vitro culture beyond 48 h appears to be deleterious to the development of SUZI cleaved embryos and the subsequent outcome of treatment, and hence should be avoided.     

Comparison of fixation disparity curve variables measured with the Sheedy Disparometer and the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest differences in the fixation disparity curves obtained with the Sheedy Disparometer and the Wesson Fixation Disparity Card, the two most commonly used methods for measuring fixation disparity. In one study the investigators proposed that the differences do not exist for subgroups divided by phoria. The purpose of this paper is to try to clarify this issue by use of two large sets of data. METHODS: Dissociated phorias were measured by the von Graefe method. Fixation disparity curves were plotted using the Disparometer and the Wesson card. RESULTS: Type I fixation disparity curves were most common with the Wesson card. Type II curves were found more often with the Disparometer than with the Wesson card. The x-intercepts were shifted in the base-in (BI) direction with the Wesson card compared to the Disparometer. The y-intercepts were shifted in the exo direction with the Wesson card compared to the Disparometer. The differences were statistically significant regardless of whether the dissociated phoria was exo or eso. The slope of the fixation disparity curve was steeper with the Wesson card than with the Disparometer. The difference was statistically significant for exophores but not for esophores. The differences between results obtained with the two instruments are not consistent from one subject to another as shown by high standard deviations of the differences. CONCLUSIONS: The fixation disparity curves measured with these two instruments are different. Fixation disparity parameters obtained from one of these instruments cannot be used with normative findings from the other.