Rationale for en bloc vein resection in the treatment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma adherent to the superior mesenteric-portal vein confluence. Pancreatic Tumor Study Group

The enzymatic activity of protein kinase C (PKC) was measured in the cytosol and particulate fraction of parabrachial nucleus, the presumed site of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) engrams. At various time intervals after acquisition of the task (pairing saccharin consumption with subsequent LiCl poisoning) the nucleus was dissected from the frozen coronal sections. An increase (+40%) in the cytosol PKC activity was found 48 h after that pairing in comparison with controls (saline injection instead of LiCl). Particulate enzyme activity virtual did not change (-5%). Thus the total PKC activity increased significantly (21%). Qualitatively similar but less markedly expressed PKC shifts (+18% in cytosol) ere found 24 h following CTA. Twelve hours and 5 days after CTA acquisition the activity and distribution of PKC was similar to that seen in normal rats. The control experiments revealed that 6 h after LiCl injection alone (without previous saccharin consumption) translocation of PKC from the cytosol to the membrane fraction (found previously 1 h after LiCl injection alone) still persisted but did not differ from that found 6 h after its pairing with saccharin drinking (CTA). It is concluded that acquisition of conditioned taste aversion may be followed by synthesis of PKC rather than by its translocation or downregulation.     

Use of a prognostic treadmill score in identifying diagnostic coronary disease subgroups

BACKGROUND: Exercise testing is useful in the assessment of symptomatic patients for diagnosis of significant or extensive coronary disease and to predict their future risk of cardiac events. The Duke treadmill score (DTS) is a composite index that was designed to provide survival estimates based on results from the exercise test, including ST-segment depression, chest pain, and exercise duration. However, its usefulness for providing diagnostic estimates has yet to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: A logistic regression model was used to predict significant (>/=75% stenosis) and severe (3-vessel or left main) coronary artery disease, and a Cox regression analysis was used to predict cardiac survival. After adjustment for baseline clinical risk, the DTS was effectively diagnostic for significant (P<0.0001) and severe (P<0.0001) coronary artery disease. For low-risk patients (score >/=+5), 60% had no coronary stenosis >/=75% and 16% had single-vessel >/=75% stenosis. By comparison, 74% of high-risk patients (score <-11) had 3-vessel or left main coronary disease. Five-year mortality was 3%, 10%, and 35% for low-, moderate-, and high-risk DTS groups (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The composite DTS provides accurate diagnostic and prognostic information for the evaluation of symptomatic patients evaluated for clinically suspected ischemic heart disease.     

Evidence of a critical period of airway instability during central apneas in preterm infants

The timing and magnitude of airway narrowing in central apneas is unknown. We have developed a method of apnea classification that relies on the transmission of cardiac airflow oscillation to indicate airway patency. Using a theoretical model, we showed that the amplitude of the cardiac airflow oscillation is proportional to airway diameter for small lumens. While in the majority of central apneas the amplitude of the cardiac airflow oscillation remains nearly constant, in a subset of events the waveform decreases with time, suggesting airway narrowing. We hypothesized that this is not a random occurrence but reflects a critical period of airway instability during central apnea. To test this hypothesis we studied 41 preterm infants. Of 4,456 central apneas, 585 had a decrease in the amplitude of the cardiac oscillation. The amplitude of the cardiac airflow oscillation during an apnea was recorded to provide a dynamic measure of changes in airway diameter with time. To allow for comparisons between patients the amplitude of each cardiac airflow oscillation was expressed as a proportion of the maximum amplitude observed in each infant. We then compared the amplitude at multiple successive 0.5 s intervals with the amplitude of the cardiac airflow oscillation observed at the apnea outset using ANOVA. We found a significant decrease in cardiac airflow oscillation after only 1 s irrespective of the apnea duration (3 to 16 s). We conclude that airway narrowing during central apnea is not a random occurrence but appears shortly after the onset of the apnea. We speculate that the phenomenon is secondary to passive airway relaxation.