Authentic leadership for 21st century project delivery

Project leadership has to adapt to meet changing needs of this 21st century if it is to remain relevant. The 21st century world has changed from that of the previous century with the global financial crisis (GFC) marking a point of inflection in this change. At the same time generational change and particularly in Australia, a move to project alliance contracting, combine to require a re-examination of project leadership. Results of a pilot study and preliminary results of research into characteristics required for successful alliance project leadership are presented.Characteristics identified by this research relate closely to those of authentic leadership. A capability maturity model (CMM) to track the development of authentic leadership attributes in project leaders is proposed. Research by others in a range of project based environments would further test the usefulness of this CMM for project managers and leaders.     

Stability of particle flocs upon addition of natural organic matter under quiescent conditions

In this research, the influence of two natural organic polymers (polysaccharide and humic acid) on the stability of colloidal aggregates was examined. The primary objective of this research was to determine whether addition of organic matter to floc suspensions results in the fragmentation or stabilization of aggregates. A second objective was to determine how the size of aggregates and the composition of organic matter influence the floc breakup or stabilization process. It was found that the stability of aggregates depended on the type of organic material present as well as floc size. For example, humic acid increased the stability of aggregates more effectively than polysaccharides of larger size. It was also found that the addition of humic acid or polysaccharide generally decreased the rate of coagulation of small aggregates but had less influence on large aggregates. In no case did the addition of polysaccharide or humic acid result in the fragmentation of particle aggregates. The existence of strong interparticle forces within flocs prevented aggregate breakup upon adsorption of natural organic polymers. The results presented here provide important new information regarding the influence of NOM on the behavior of particles in aquatic systems.     

How to Abolish Public Housing: Implications and Lessons from Public Management Reform

The paper examines how public or municipal housing in England and Wales is being abolished and transferred into the housing association sector. A new public management (NPM) analytical framework is adopted which provides seven dimensions, disaggregation, competition, private sector management, economy, hands-on top management, standards of performance and measurement of outputs. Overlying these dimensions it is argued that there are two NPM meta-themes - externalisation (which relates to the first two characteristics) and managerialisation (the latter five). Hypotheses are developed to explain the differential impact of NPM reforms on the municipal housing and housing association sectors. These suggest that housing associations are externalised and highly managerialised organisations whereas local authorities display lower levels of externalisation and limited managerialisation. Analysis of the transfer process indicates that externalisation is driven by political and ideological approaches to public housing in addition to NPM dimensions, but that as local authorities transfer their stock into the housing association sector they are also likely to develop into similarly managerialised organisations. In conclusion the NPM framework is demonstrated to need further development whilst systematic research is required on management reform in social housing provision. The lesson to emerge on how to abolish public housing suggests the following policy formula: starve it of resources, create a hostile environment and wait, in the goodness of time it will abolish itself!     

Surface Mechanical Properties of the Spore Adhesive of the Green Alga Ulva

The mechanical properties of the adhesive produced by spores of the green, marine, fouling alga Ulva linza are reported. Atomic force microscopy studies were performed and nanoindentation data were analyzed using a model for an asymmetric indenter. Freshly secreted adhesive is characterized by multiple layers. We found that the modulus of the outer ∼600-nm thick layer was about 0.2 ± 0.1 MPa, whereas the modulus of the inner layer was about 3 ± 1 MPa. Older adhesive showed the formation of a “crust” of harder material with a yield strength of ∼20 MPa at a loading rate of 2.5 × 10^-6 N · s^-1. Mechanical properties under tension are also described, and extension profiles that showed either constant or nonlinear force changes with tip-sample separation were observed. Models for both kinds of behavior are described. The work of adhesion between poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated AFM tips and the adhesive was determined to be less than 1.5 mJ · m^-2.     

Information-theoretic bounds for authentication schemes

Consider the situation whereby each member of a sequence of n distinct messages from a finite source space is provided with an authentication check, generated using one and the same encoding rule selected from a finite space of such rules. Let P(n) be the expected probability that a spoofer, who observes such a sequence of messages and their corresponding authentication checks, but does not know the encoding rule in advance, succeeds in generating the correct authentication check for a different message in the source space. The purpose of this paper is to derive a lower bound for the average P _Nof the probabilities P(0), P(1),...;, P(N) in terms of the entropy of the space of encoding rules, and to derive necessary and sufficient conditions which the encoding scheme must satisfy in order to ensure that this bound cannot be exceeded.     

Adjustable temporal suture in trabeculectomy with scleral flap

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The long-term success of trabeculectomy depends primarily on the degree of scarring that occurs to the artificial filtration route that is created by the procedure. The most serious postoperative complication of trabeculectomy is a persistent shallow anterior chamber or a flat chamber. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a suturing technique on the long-term success of trabeculectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this study, the authors analyzed a trabeculectomy technique that is based on the application of a suture of variable tightness on the scleral flap. The technique was performed on 11 patients subjected to trabeculectomy. RESULTS: The postoperative complication of shallow anterior chamber was successfully treated with further tightening of the suture for one patient. For each patient, the authors loosened the suture on the fourth postoperative day and removed it completely on the seventh or eighth postoperative day. The patients were observed postoperatively for a minimum of 1 year. During this period the intraocular pressure for each patient was within the normal limits. CONCLUSION: The authors contend that this trabeculectomy technique, in which a suture on the scleral flap can be adjusted for tightness and is later removed, contributes significantly to the treatment of a postoperative shallow anterior chamber or a flat chamber and to the long-term function of an effective filtration fistula.