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191.
介绍了一种液相法生产分子式为CAR^1R^2CBR^3R^4(此外的R^1,R^2、R^3和R^4指代意义如专项说明中所定义)的卤代烷加成物的工艺,是将相应的卤代烷烃(AB)与相应的烃(CR^1R^2=CR^3R^3)在催化的存在下于溶剂中进行反应,所用的催化剂组成:(1)至少有一种含一价铜;(2)至少有一种为离子促进剂,选自卤代铵、吡啶或卤代吡啶及(MQ4)Y型的四价盐(M是元素周期表中VA族元素,如N、P、As、Sb或Bi,Q为C1-C18烷烃、Y为氯、溴或碘)。还介绍了用上述工艺制得的加成产物与HF反应制备一些氢氟烃的工艺,该工艺是在二晴或环化碳酸酯溶剂中进行,使反应混合物分成两相。 相似文献
192.
A multivariate skimmilk extrusion process, designed to produce an acid coprecipitate was studied in terms of minimizing residual lactose, ash and fines. an experimental model system was utilized to simulate the extrusion process and evaluated using response surface methodology to assess the relationship between the responses (fines, residual lactose and minerals) and the process variables (concentration, pH, temperature, agitation, washing time and wash water ratio). Compromise optimum conditions were derived using the Generalized Distance Approach (GDA) and an Extended Response Surface Procedure (ERSP) which made use of the SAS RSREG procedure with and without constraints. the GDA procedure produced good results in terms of providing an optimum for a general acid casein process, while the ERSP allowed more extensive analysis of the data in terms of assessing specific processing conditions. Although more computing intensive, the ERSP conferred additional flexibility in determining optimal conditions for special situations such as extrusion processing. Both approaches are useful for process engineering, with the GDA being a more general tool while the ERSP is advantageous when the GDA procedure becomes limiting. 相似文献
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G Ginther RM Edelstein CP Forsyth K Gamarnik AE Kreymer RJ Lipton JM McQuade DM Potter JS Russ L Spiegel DE Johnson D Buchholz LM Cremaldi SW Delchamps HS Mao JL Rosen W Sakumoto RA Schluter SB Sontz C Winter JM Bishop NN Biswas NM Cason L Dauwe J Godfrey VP Kenney P Mooney R Pemper E Rojek RC Ruchti M Sarmiento WD Shephard 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1987,35(5):1541-1552
196.
DOMENICO GABRIELE STEFANO CURCIO MASSIMO MIGLIORI BRUNO DE CINDIO 《Journal of food process engineering》2004,27(6):464-475
The rheological behavior of liquorice solutions at different concentrations (ranging between 30 and 60 Brix) and temperatures (in the range between 25 and 80C) has been investigated performing both dynamic tests in the linear viscoelastic region and steady shear tests, in 0.1–100 s?1 shear rate range, by using a stress controlled rheometer (DSR 200, Rheometric Scientific, USA) and parallel plate geometry (φ = 40 mm). Small amplitude oscillations has shown the presence of both moduli also at the lowest tested concentration, with G′ greater than G″, except for the 30 Brix sample. It has been found that experimental viscosity data show a good agreement with a power law model, thus allowing the estimation of both the friction factor and the pressure drops in a typical pipeline used for liquorice solution conveying. It has been observed that the assumption of Newtonian behavior can lead to the erroneous design of the apparatuses that have to process liquorice extracts. 相似文献
197.
VALÉRIA COSTA SALUSTIANO NÉLIO JOSÉ DE ANDRADE SEBASTIÃO CÉSAR CARDOSO BRANDÃO WILLIAN MOREIRA JUNIOR GABRIELA PIRES NACIFE 《Journal of Food Safety》2004,24(3):159-167
The efficiency of chemical sanitizing agents to control the microbiota of milk processing areas at a dairy plant was evaluated. Diluted solutions of chlorhexidine digluconate at 1,000 and 2,000 mg.L?1, pH = 5.2 and 5.3, respectively; peracetic acid, at 45 and 75 mg.L?1, pH = 4.2 and 3.8; and a quaternary ammonium compound, pH = 9.2 and 9.3, respectively, were pulverized, at ambient temperature (20–25C) in the milk processing areas using spray equipment which produced a consistent fogging. For each 30 m2 of processing area, 0.5 L of sanitizer solutions were applied at 9 Kgf.cm?2 in 10 min. The sanitizer's efficiency was evaluated against mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast and molds. The microbial counts (APC) in the processing areas were detected by impaction technique, as proposed by APHA. Analysis were done before sanitizer application (T0) and after 0.5, 12 and 24 h (T1, T2 and T3), respectively. Activity of 2000 mg.L?1 of chlorhexidine and 700 mg.L?1 of quaternary ammonium against yeast and molds was observed. The T0 number of microorganisms (1.5 and 1.3 log cfu.m?3) decreased in 0.45 and 0.5 log cycle, respectively. Solutions containing 45 mg.L?1 of peracetic acid were effective to control mesophilic aerobic microorganisms. The T0 number of microorganisms (2.1 log cfu.m?3) decreased in 0.55 log cycle. Residual effects against yeasts and molds were observed for 1000 mg.L?1 of chlorhexidine digluconate and 75 mg.L?1 of peracetic acid. Chemical sanitizer applications to control the microbiological quality of the air in milk processing areas is a barrier technology that helps in the production of foods with good microbiological, sensory and organoleptic characteristics. 相似文献
198.
Zhouyan XIA Jan-Willem G. VAN DE KUILEN Andrea POLASTRI Ario CECCOTTI Minjuan HE 《Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering》2021,15(1):213
This study analyzes the feasibility of the use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) as a load-bearing structural element in a 40-story building based on Chinese design requirements. The proposed design of the high-rise concrete–CLT building utilizes the core–outrigger system. Concrete is used for the central core and outriggers, and CLT is used for the rest of the structure of the building. Finite element models with different types of connections were developed using SAP2000 to analyze the lateral behavior of the building under wind action. The finite element models with rigid connections deduce the wind load distributions on individual structural elements, which determine the total number and the stiffness of fasteners of the CLT panels. Accordingly, spring links with equivalent stiffness that simulate the mechanical fasteners were employed in SAP2000. The results indicate that CLT increases the lateral flexibility of the building. A closed concrete core was substituted by two half cores to measure the requirement of the maximum lateral deflection. However, the acceleration at the building top still exceeded the limitation prescribed in Chinese Code JGJ 3–2010 owing to the lightweight of CLT and decreased stiffness of the hybrid building. To restrict this top acceleration within the limit, further approaches to increase the stiffness in the weak direction of the building are required. Methods such as the modification of the floor layout, increase in the thickness of walls, and addition of extra damping capacity should be considered and verified in the future. 相似文献
199.
C. RENAULT E. GASTALDI A. LAGAUDE J.L. CUQ B. TARODO DE LA FUENTE 《Journal of food science》1997,62(5):907-910
An original method for syneresis evaluation was developed, based on image analysis which enabled direct monitoring of curd shrinkage. Image analysis was employed in combination with the customary tracer method to follow the effects of cutting on curd syneresis. The two methods were then utilized to study curd syneresis in the presence of ethanol, a solvent less polar than water. Curd syneresis was reduced in the presence of diluted ethanol which led to the hypothesis that the mechanism which causes rennet curd to synerese probably relates to changes in protein conformation, essentially due to hydrophobic bonding. 相似文献
200.