Hatching of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and observations on motility of miracidia

Eggs of Schistosoma mansoni were obtained from livers of mice and hatching was observed under varying conditions of light and ionic composition of the medium. Hatching occurred equally well in light and in darkness. Eggs also hatched readily in 1- to 50-m OsM solutions of urea, sucrose, sodium chloride, and glycerol, but hatching was inhibited at higher concentrations unless the eggs were left in solutions for long periods of time. Hatching readily occurred in deionized water, but the emerged miracidia did not swim longer than 5 to 10 min unless Na+ was added. Histochemistry of the egg showed DNA-positive egg granules and a polysaccharide-positive vacuole matrix. Acid mucopolysaccharides were stained in the vacuolar matrix and in the anterior sac of the miracidium. Longitudinal alignment of constituents of the egg shell is suggested by the predominance of longitudinal rents in the shell at hatching. A mechanism of hatching involving an osmotic stimulus is proposed.     

Effect of administration of progesterone and oestrogen on litter size in pigs

Progesterone and oestrone alone or in combination were administered to sows during early gestation. A dose of 25 mg progesterone and 12-5 mug oestrone injected together for 10,5 or 2 consecutive days during the implantation interval caused increased litter size at term.     

Some characteristics of new tissue-binding proteins for metabolites of vitamin D other than 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D

Protein(s) have been found in a wide range of tissues which have a high affinity for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Of the tissues examined only erythrocytes do not have this protein. The properties of the protein have been examined and it has been found that the association constatns range from 2 - 10(9) to 5 - 10(9) M-1 and the sedimentation constants between 5.0 and 6.0 S. It was not possible to distinguish the proteins from the different tissues by their S values, mobility on gel electrophoresis or behaviour on ion-exchange chromatography. These techniques were all used, however, to show that the tissue 25-hydroxycholecalciferol binding protein is distinct from the main plasma binding protein for this steroid and from the intestinal 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein. A protein has been in the plasma of rachitic animals but not of normals, which is apparently indistinguishable from this new tissue 25-hydroxycholecalciferol-binding protein. The steroid specificity of this new binding protein has been shown to be dependent upon a C-25 hydroxyl group, and an intact conjugated double bond system. Possible functions for this protein have been briefly discussed.     

卷烟信息网络防伪系统的构建及应用

介绍了卷烟信息网络防伪管理系统构建原理、技术特点和功能 ,及其在烟草行业中的应用。     

Preparation of Low Free Gossypol and High Available Lysine Cottonseed/Soybean Blends

Cottonseed/soybean blends (50/50) were ground in an Alpine pin mill with or without previous cooking in a Brady low-cost extruder. Free gossypol decreased with increasing amount of water added prior to extrusion and number of passes through the extruder. Available lysine increased with decreasing amount of added water but was unaffected by number of passes through the extruder. Type of soybean raw material utilized had no effect on free gossypol. Blends prepared from defatted cottonseed meal, however, had lower free gossypol than those made from cottonseed kernels. A blend similar to full-fat soy flour but of lower cost was prepared from unextruded 50% defatted cotton-seed meal/50% extruded soybean flakes, without added water, and ground in the Alpine mill.     

PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CASHEW APPLE (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.) AND GUAVA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) FRUIT POWDERS

Cashew apple and guava residues from fruit juice processing industry were prepared as dehydrated fruit powders. Differences in compositional and physicochemical characteristics between both fruit powders were significant at the 5% probability level, with exception to ash content. It is important to point out that despite the dehydration process, both samples can still be considered good sources of vitamin C. In addition, the results show that the guava and cashew apple powders may be useful in the food industry as high dietary "fiber ingredients." Higher lipid (14.05%) content was observed in guava powder. The guava powder could be an alternative source of lipid. The data also indicated that these materials are good sources of ash. The results suggest further utilization of these residues as valuable food ingredients or as a resource for nutraceuticals.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Large quantity of agro-industrial residues formed by fruit juice extraction represents a major disposal problem. An alternative to recycling the fruit-industrial residue is to submit it to drying processes and transform into value-added products as dehydrated fruit powder. In this way, this process contributes to diminish the problem and to recover valuable biomass and nutrients. The purpose of this study was to develop a technology to obtain guava and cashew apple powders with the objective of finding alternatives to the exploitation of these residues as valuable sources of vitamin C, as ashes and lipid that should also be regarded as potential nutraceutical resources in future or functional ingredients.     

BERRY SEEDS: A SOURCE OF SPECIALTY OILS WITH HIGH CONTENT OF BIOACTIVES AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE

Selected berry seed oils from blackberry, blueberry, cranberry, strawberry, red raspberry and kiwi were characterized for their quality and nutritional characteristics. These oils are by-products of berry juice production that have only recently gained commercial interest. Free fatty acid content was below 1.6% for all examined oil samples. Peroxide value ranged between 0.6 and 44 mg O₂/kg oil for blackberry and kiwi seed oils, respectively, and p -anisidine value varied from 6 in cranberry to 23 in strawberry. Linolenic acid content ranged from 17.53% in blackberry seed oil to 57.60% in kiwi seed oil. The oxidative stability of all oils was rather low (0.17 h for kiwi to 8.4 h for blackberry at 97.8C). Phytosterol contents ranged between 403 and 692 mg/100 g for blackberry and cranberry, respectively. The content of tocols (tocopherol  +  tocotrienol) varied from 34.4 for kiwi to 2,133 mg/kg for red raspberry seed oils.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

A waste stream of fruit processing is used to extract the oil from berry seeds. Such oils are particularly rich in essential fatty acids (with a favorable low n-6/n-3 ratio) and antioxidants. They are incorporated in cosmetic preparations such as hand and body creams, and shampoos. Their composition is also interesting from a nutritional point of view. As the commercial interest is growing, chemical studies are necessary to elucidate the composition, activity and stability of different berry seed oils.     

Polyphenoloxidase Activity, Polyphenols Concentration and Browning Intensity during Soursop (Annona muricata, L.) Maturation

Values for polyphenoloxidase (PPO), total phenols and ascorbic acid, browning intensity and pH in soursops (Annona muricata, L.) decreased during maturation. Optimum pH was 7.5 (fully developed immature, mature unripe and ripe fruits) or 7.0 (fully ripe fruits). High correlation was found between PPO activity and phenolic compounds. The enzymic browning of soursops occurred during maturation. The least browning intensity was in fully ripe fruits.