Wind characteristics and energy potential assessment in Akure,South West Nigeria: econometrics and policy implications

This paper analysed 11 years of daily mean wind-speed data, measured at Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, using Weibull and Rayleigh distribution functions. While both distributions showed good agreements in extreme-value estimation patterns, investigation of their wind-speed characteristics modelling criteria, using goodness-of-fit statistics, revealed that the wind data followed the Weibull more than Rayleigh. Monthly wind-speed of Akure city ranged from 1.41 to 4.24 m/s by the Weibull fittings and from 1.40 to 4.16 m/s by the Rayleigh fittings. Overall results, of 2.71 m/s (Weibull) or 2.70 m/s (Rayleigh) mean wind-speed and 18.51 W/m² (Weibull) or 22.26 W/m² (Rayleigh) mean power density, indicated Akure a low wind-speed site, requiring low wind-speed turbine for generating wind energy. Econometric analyses of power output simulations using such turbine system resulted in affordable wind energy cost. These bear policy implications for sustainable wind energy usage in this and similar regions of the world.     

Growth performance,nutrient digestibility and immune response of broiler chicks fed diets supplemented with a culture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus

BACKGROUND: Probiotics are being developed for use in animal feed to enhance production performance and prevention of gastrointestinal infections. The ban on using antibiotics as growth promoters, antibiotic resistance and the inherent problems of developing new vaccines make a compelling case for developing alternatives for in‐feed antibiotics. The alternatives of choice have to be considered under the environmental conditions of the animal. Among the probiotics in use today, Lactobacillus has been shown to play a vital role in disease prevention, immune enhancement, improved growth and carcass yield in poultry. The present study investigates the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (LB)‐based probiotic on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and immune response of broilers under tropical environmental conditions. RESULTS: Broilers fed LB diets consumed more feed (P < 0.05) and had greater body weight gain than the control group. Feed/gain ratio improved significantly (P < 0.05) with the 20, 40 and 60 mg kg^?1 LB diets compared with the control or 80 mg kg^?1 LB diet. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen and fat increased with LB supplementation. However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in fibre digestibility. White blood cell count increased significantly in broilers fed higher levels (>40 mg kg^?1) of LB compared with the control group. Antibody production measured as antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine showed a curvilinear response over the range of LB concentrations examined. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LB addition to broiler chick diets significantly improved growth performance, increased nutrient digestibility and stimulated humoral immune response. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Agent-based framework for intelligent natural language interface

In this contribution, we present a framework for an intelligent natural language interface (NLI) that suits the need of embedded platform, using agent-based approach. The proposed framework is motivated by an ongoing speech technology research project aimed at developing a generic synthesizer for information disseminating systems in local languages. The architecture is based on various forms of action representations with a sequence of transformations that converts users’ input (text or speech) into a suitable set of agent actions that produce response to the input. This approach incrementally minimizes the complexity and ambiguity of the natural language input by using predefined sets of interim actions at different levels, hence, increasing the robustness and reliability of the NLI.     

A novel concept for improved thermal management of the planar SOFC

A new design for the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) planar stack is proposed to minimise the thermal gradients in the cell. This design involves including a secondary air channel with flow in the counter direction to the cathodic air channel. The effectiveness of the new design is tested by means of a tank in series reactor (TSR) model of the SOFC. It is found that the new design is capable of reducing the steady state temperature difference across the cell to less than 2 K over a range of voltages, while satisfying the requirements on fuel utilisation (FU) and cell average temperature. This is achieved by manipulating the primary air channel inlet flow rate and the secondary air channel inlet temperature. More modelling and experimental studies are required to further investigate the proposed design.     

Evaluation of Effective Width and Distribution Factors for GFRP Bridge Decks Supported on Steel Girders

Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bridge deck systems offer an attractive alternative to concrete decks, particularly for bridge rehabilitation projects. Current design practice treats GFRP deck systems in a manner similar to concrete decks, but the results of this study indicate that this approach may lead to nonconservative bridge girder designs. Results from a number of in situ load tests of three steel girder bridges having the same GFRP deck system are used to determine the degree of composite action that may be developed and the transverse distribution of wheel loads that may be assumed for such structures. Results from this work indicate that appropriately conservative design values may be found by assuming no composite action between a GFRP deck and steel girder and using the lever rule to determine transverse load distribution. Additionally, when used to replace an existing concrete deck, the lighter GFRP deck will likely result in lower total stresses in the supporting girders, although, due to the decreased effective width and increased distribution factors, the live-load-induced stress range is likely to be increased. Thus, existing fatigue-prone details may become a concern and require additional attention in design.     

Motion measurement errors and autofocus in bistatic SAR.

This paper discusses the effect of motion measurement errors (MMEs) on measured bistatic synthetic aperture radar (SAR) phase history data that has been motion compensated to the scene origin. We characterize the effect of low-frequency MMEs on bistatic SAR images, and, based on this characterization, we derive limits on the allowable MMEs to be used as system specifications. Finally, we demonstrate that proper orientation of a bistatic SAR image during the image formation process allows application of monostatic SAR autofocus algorithms in postprocessing to mitigate image defocus.     

Dominant effects of the bcr-abl oncogene on Drosophila morphogenesis

The Ras protein and its homolog, Rap1A, have an identical "effector region" (residues 32-40) preceded by Asp30-Glu31 and Glu30-Lys31, respectively. In the complex of the "Ras-like" E30D/K31E mutant Rap1A with the Ras-binding domain (RBD), residues 51-131 of Raf-1, Glu31 in Rap1A forms a tight salt bridge with Lys84 in Raf-1. However, we have recently found that Raf-1 RBD binding of Ras is indeed reduced by the E31K mutation, but is not affected by the E31A mutation. Here, the "Rap1A-like" D30E/E31K mutant of Ras was prepared and shown to bind the Raf-1 RBD less strongly than wild-type Ras, but slightly more tightly than the E31K mutant. The backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N magnetic resonances of the Raf-1 RBD were assigned in complexes with the wild-type and D30E/E31K mutant Ras proteins in the guanosine 5'-O-(beta,gamma-imidotriphosphate)-bound form. The Lys84 residue in the Raf-1 RBD exhibited a large change in chemical shift upon binding wild-type Ras, suggesting that Lys84 interacts with wild-type Ras. The D30E/E31K mutant of Ras caused nearly the same perturbations in Raf-1 chemical shifts, including that of Lys84. We hypothesized that Glu31 in Ras may not be the major salt bridge partner of Lys84 in Raf-1. A molecular dynamics simulation of a model structure of the Raf-1 RBD.Ras.GTP complex suggested that Lys84 in Raf-1 might instead form a tight salt bridge with Asp33 in Ras. Consistent with this, the D33A mutation in Ras greatly reduced its Raf-I RBD binding activity. We conclude that the major salt bridge partner of Lys84 in Raf-1 may be Asp33 in Ras.     

Characterization of the radical trapping activity of a novel series of cyclic nitrone spin traps

alpha-Phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) is a nitrone spin trap, which has shown efficacy in animal models of oxidative stress, including stroke, aging, sepsis, and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. We have prepared a series of novel cyclic variants of PBN and evaluated them for radical trapping activity in vitro. Specifically, their ability to inhibit iron-induced lipid peroxidation in liposomes was assessed, as well as superoxide anion (O2(-.)) and hydroxyl radical ((.)OH) trapping activity as determined biochemically and using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. All cyclic nitrones tested were much more potent as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation than was PBN. The unsubstituted cyclic variant MDL 101,002 was approximately 8-fold more potent than PBN. An analysis of the analogs of MDL 101,002 revealed a direct correlation of activity with lipophilicity. However, lipophilicity does not solely account for the difference between MDL 101,002 and PBN, inasmuch as the calculated octanol/water partition coefficient for MDL 101,002 is 1.01 as compared to 1.23 for PBN. This indicated the cyclic nitrones are inherently more effective radical traps than PBN in a membrane system. The most active compound was a dichloro analog in the seven-membered ring series (MDL 104,342), which had an IC50 of 26 mum, which was 550-fold better than that of PBN. The cyclic nitrones were shown to trap (.)OH with MDL 101,002 being 20 25 times more active than PBN as assessed using 2-deoxyribose and p-nitrosodimethylaniline as substrates, respectively. Trapping of (.)OH by MDL 101,002 was also examined by using ESR spectroscopy. When Fenton's reagent was used, the (.)OH adduct of MDL 101,002 yielded a six-line spectrum with hyperfine coupling constants distinct from that of PBN. Importantly, the half-life of the adduct was nearly 5 min, while that of PBN is less than 1 min at physiologic pH. MDL 101,002 also trapped the O2(-.) radical to yield a six-line spectrum with coupling constants very distinct from that of the (.)OH adduct. In mice, the cyclic nitrones ameliorated the damaging effects of oxidative stress induced by ferrous iron injection into brain tissue. Similar protection was not afforded by the lipid peroxidation inhibitor U74006F, thus implicating radical trapping as a unique feature in the prevention of cell injury. Together, the in vivo activity, the stability of the nitroxide adducts, and the ability to distinguish between trapping of (.)OH and O2(-.) suggest the cyclic nitrones to be ideal reagents for the study of oxidative cell injury.     

Memory liabilities associated with hypnosis: does low hypnotizability confer immunity?

Retrospective analyses of data from the authors' program of research on hypnosis and memory are presented, with special emphasis on effects observed among low hypnotizable individuals. In Experiment 1, participants completed seven forced-recall trials in an attempt to remember a series of pictures that had been shown 1 week earlier. For half the participants, the middle five trials were carried out using hypnotic procedures; the remaining participants performed all recall attempts in a motivated waking condition. Hypnosis failed to enhance correct recall for either high or low hypnotizable participants beyond the hypermnesia and reminiscence effects associated with repeated retrieval attempts over time. However, whereas high hypnotizable participants produced substantial numbers of confident recall errors (i.e., intrusions) independent of the use of hypnosis, low hypnotizable participants exposed to hypnotic procedures reported significantly more intrusions than their counterparts in the waking condition. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to identify whether specific recollections, reported during two forced-interrogatory recall tests conducted 1 week earlier, had originated in the first or second of those tests. A general bias to misattribute previously reported recollections to the first of two recall occasions was observed; however, the effect was greatest among low hypnotizables who had undergone the second recall attempt in hypnosis. The findings imply that highly hypnotizable individuals are not unique in their vulnerability to distortions of memory induced by hypnotic techniques. Individuals of lesser hypnotic capacity also manifest memory alterations when exposed to such procedures.