9p trisomy identified by Giemsa-11

The Giemsa-11 technique specifically stains the secondary constriction region of chromosome 9. We report cytologic evidence for 9p trisomy in a 4 1/2-year-old girl with moderate retardation and multiple anomalies, using the Giemsa-11 technique.     

Liposome Preparation by a New High Pressure Homogenizer Gaulin Micron Lab 40

High pressure expansion of lipid dispersions with a lab-scale homogenizer (Gaulin Micron LAB 4 0) was tested to produce forced lecithin hydration and subsequent liposome formation. A single-step liposome preparation method was developed. Lipid composition, pressure and the number of passages as the main process parameters were varied. Homogenizing with the new apparatus leads to small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), when 10% (w/w) lipid dispersions are used. Depending on the lipid composition the resulting vesicles ly from 25 up to 50 nm and show quite narrow particle size distribution. The cumulation of SUVs at their theoretical low size limits was detected after negative staining by transmission electron microscopy. Cryo-electron microscopy (CEM) of very thin vitrified layers of unfixed and unstained dispersions of vesicles confirmed in principle the negative staining data. Erosions of the especially stressed parts of the homogenizer, the valve, were monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). They turned out, to be low, and this is particularly important for parenteral administration.     

Einsatz der HPLC bei der Verf?lschungskontrolle von Milch und Milchprodukten verschiedener Species

Zusammenfassung Die angewandte HPLC-Methode bietet die Möglichkeit eines schnellen und genauen Nachweises von Kuhmilch in Milch und Milchprodukten anderer Species. Die unproblematische Probenaufbereitung, die mittels Autosampler vollautomatisierte Einspritzung und Analyse erlauben zudem auch eine Bewältigung größerer Probenzahlen. Über das bovine-Lactoglobulin A als Parameter kann in Schaf- und Ziegenmilch Kuhmilch ab einer Zumischung von 1%, in Pecorinokäse ab einer Zumischung von 2% nachgewiesen werden. Durch Auswertung der-Lactalbuminpeaks von Kuh und Schaf als zusätzliche Kriterien gestattet diese Methode bei Mischkäsen, die aufgrund der Bestimmungen des Österreichischen Lebensmittelbuches bis zu 49% Kuhmilchanteil enthalten dürfen, eine gute Abschätzung der tatsächlichen Mischungsverhältnisse. In Stuten- bzw. Frauenmilch lassen sich Zusätze ab 3 bzw. 1% Kuhmilch in der Molke nachweisen. Der geringe Caseingehalt der Stuten- bzw. Frauenmilch erleichtert die Detektion von Kuhmilchzumischungen ab 1% in der Caseinfraktion.

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Use of HPLC for control of the adulteration of milk and milk products of different species

Summary A reversed-phase HPLC method for the identification of cow's milk in the milk and cheese of other species has been developed. It enables the detection of 1% cow's milk in human milk by (a) bovine-lactoglobulin (AB), (b) bovine-lactalbumin in the whey fraction and (c) -casein in the casein fraction. In the whey fraction of mare's milk containing 3% cow's milk both variants of bovine-lactoglobulin were detected, whereas in the casein fraction even 1% could be traced by _s1-and-casein. The adulteration of sheep's and goat's milk with cow's milk was detected by bovine-lactoglobulin A. Amounts of 2% cow's milk could be identified in 2-year-old cheese samples (Pecorino) with known adulteration. Using bovine, ovine or caprine-lactalbumin as further identification parameters, the HPLC method achieved good results especially controlling Mischkäse, which is allowed to contain up to 49% cow's milk according to a definition of theCodex Alimentarius Austriacus.

     

Rapid eye movements in myasthenia gravis. II. Electro-oculographic analysis

Voluntary saccades were studied by electro-oculography in ten patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) and in eight patients with other types of ophthalmoplegia. Despite limited range of eye movements, maximum velocities of 20 degree and 40 degree saccades in patients with MG were not significantly different from those in normal individuals, whereas maximum velocities in patients with other types of ophthalmoplegia were significantly decreased. In some myasthenic patients, small amplitude saccades were hypermetric and had high velocities, appearing clinically as "quiver" movements characteristic of MG. In MG the preservation of saccades with high initial velocities, even in the presence of severe ophthalmoplegia, suggests that muscle fibers generating rapid movements during saccades (twitch fibers) can be relatively spared when muscle fibers responsible for maintenance of excentric gaze (tonic fibers) are severely affected.     

Application of contemporary reconstructive techniques in head and neck surgery for anterior oral-facial cancers

One hundred and seventy-eight patients underwent surgical therapy for oral and cervical cancers from 1964 to 1975. About 25 percent of the patients underwent neck dissection and/or "pull-through" procedures. However, majority of patients required a spectrum of reconstructive techniques extending from marginal mandibulectomy with or without skin flaps (39), partial mandibulectomy with immediate prosthetic mandible reconstruction (36), to extended resections with skin flaps or staged reconstructive procedures (48). The advantages and disadvantages of each reconstructive procedure have been observed and a scheme of graded management has been developed. The therapeutic goal is to maximize functional oral reconstruction without compromising tumor cure. There were two operative deaths--one from myocardial infarction after operation and one from halothane hepatitis. The tumors were grouped according to TNM classification. In the follow-up of the 178 patients, 47 per cent are known to be alive and free of tumor. The better results (greater than 70% free of tumor) are in the group with smaller tumors (less than 2 cm.) and no node involvement, and there are less favorable rates for those patients with larger tumors and nodal metastasis or invasion of adjacent structures. There was a 49 percent 2 year survival rate and 12 of the deaths were from nontumor causes. Ninety percent of these patients smoked more than one pack of cigarettes per day, accounting for the high rate of synchronous or subsequent oroairway cancers (7 percent). Seventy-five percent were considered to be "heavy alcoholics" with evidence of cirrhotic liver disease. These two factors significantly decreased the survival from rate 54 to 47 percent. The series shows that planned primary reconstructive surgery can be done at a low risk, that it can enhance resectability of head and neck cancers, and that it does improve oral function after operation.     

The Superconducting Transition in 4-D: Temperature, Current, Resistance and Heat Capacity

We measured the superconducting phase transition of a transition-edge sensor (TES) provided by SRON. Using newly developed techniques, we obtain thousands of impedance measurements to find sensitivity α _I , current dependence β _I , and heat capacity of the TES in the phase transition at various temperatures and bias currents. The resulting data illustrate the shape of the phase transition and probe the internal state of the device.      

Physicochemical properties of the nucleoside prodrug R1626 leading to high oral bioavailability

The nucleoside analog R1479 is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of NS5b-directed hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA polymerase in vitro. Because of its limited permeability, lipophilic prodrugs of R1479 were screened. Selection of the prodrug involved optimization of solubility, permeability, and stability parameters. R1626 has dissociation constant, intrinsic solubility, log partition coefficient (n-octanol water), and Caco-2 permeability of 3.62, 0.19 mg/mL, 2.45, and 14.95 x 10(-6) cm/s, respectively. The hydrolysis of the prodrug is significantly faster in the Caco-2 experiments than in hydrolytic experiments, suggesting that the hydrolysis is catalyzed by enzymes in the cellular membrane. Using GastroPlus, the physical properties of R1626 successfully predict the dose dependence of the pharmacokinetics in humans previously studied. The program predicts that if the particle size of R1626 is less than 25 microm, it will be well absorbed. Prodrugs with a solubility of greater than 100 microg/mL and permeability in the Caco-2 assay greater than 3 x 10(-6) cm/s are expected to achieve a high fraction absorbed.