中国化石能源生产的生命周期清单(Ⅰ)--能源消耗与直接排放

化石能源生产的生命周期清单不仅是开展化工产业及其产品生命周期分析的基础,也能阐明化石能源生产的基本环境行为.通过计算得到了2002年我国原煤、原油和天然气开采过程中直接相关的能源消耗和污染物排放,涉及到的污染物排放包括液态污染物、固体废弃物和CO2、SO2、NOx、CO、CH4、烟尘等气态排放物.     

飞行器电磁窗耐雨蚀复合涂层的制备

研制了电磁窗用耐雨蚀底漆和耐雨蚀面漆，介绍了该配套涂料体系的制备工艺，并列举了其性能指标。讨论了耐雨蚀面漆中聚酯树脂、多元醇和颜料对其性能的影响，施工工艺对耐雨蚀涂层与底涂层之间配套性能的影响。     

氟化硅氧烷改性环氧树脂的制备与性能

首先,以全氟(2-甲基-3-氧杂己基)氟化物(六氟环氧丙烷二聚体)和N-(β-氨乙基)-γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH792)为原料制备一种氟化硅氧烷,用FTIR和1HNMR表征其结构.然后,将氟化硅氧烷与聚醚胺共同固化环氧树脂DGEBA(双酚A型二缩水甘油醚),测试了改性环氧树脂复合材料的性能.结果表明,与未改性环氧树脂相比,加入氟化硅氧烷使含氟量1％(以DGEBA质量计)改性环氧树脂复合材料的表面静态水接触角由72.0°增至103.2°,表面能由(42.08±2.17)mN/m降至(20.55±1.45)mN/m,40 d吸水率由1.75％降至1.38％,有效提高了材料的疏水性;介电常数由3.83降低至3.63;材料热分解5％温度由339℃升高至347℃;拉伸及弯曲力学性能分别提高了8.5％及7.7％.含氟量为1％时,改性环氧树脂复合材料的综合性能最佳,差式量热扫描和动态力学性能测试结果表明,少量改性剂可以促进环氧树脂的固化反应,提高固化度和交联密度;当氟化硅氧烷添加量增加时,材料内部发生显著的微相分离并导致性能逐渐下降.     

Thermal Conductivity/Diffusivity of Silicon Carbide Whisker Reinforced Mullite

The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of silicon carbide whisker reinforced mullite was shown to increase with whisker content. This effect was much greater for vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) whiskers than for rice-hull (RH) whiskers. This suggests that the thermal conductivity for the VLS whiskers was significantly higher than for the RH whiskers. Due to preferred orientation of the whiskers, thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the composite samples exhibited significant anisotropy.     

Fatty acid desaturase systems of hen liver and their inhibition by cyclopropene fatty acids

Hen liver preparations which desaturate stearic acid at the 9,10 position to form oleic acid have been found to desaturate other saturated fatty acids of carbon chain length from 12 to 20 and 22. The 9,10-monoenoic fatty acid of the same chain length as the substrate fatty acid is the major product formed. Minor amounts of the 10,11- and 11, 12-monoenoic acids are also formed. Maximum desaturation occurred with the C₁₄ fatty acid substrate and with the fatty acids C₁₇ and C₁₈, suggesting the presence of at least two desaturating systems. The cyclopropene fatty acids, sterculic and malvalic acids, inhibited the desaturation of all thefatty acids at the 9,10 position but desaturation at the 10,11 and 11, 12 positions was affected only slightly. The effect is not due to inhibition of the primary activating enzyme, the long chain acyl CoA synthetase. Sterculic acid is a more effective inhibitor than either malvalic acid or sterculyl alcohol, probably because these cyclopropene compounds do not block the desaturating site of the enzyme as completely as sterculic acid.     

The monounsaturated acyl- and alkyl-moieties of wax esters and their distribution in commercial orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) oil

Wax esters were isolated from commercial orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) oil by column chromatography and fractionated by argentation thin layer chromatography. Following transesterification, the resultant fatty acid methyl esters and fatty alcohols were analyzed by gas chromatography. both acyl- and alkyl-moieties were mainly of the monoene structure within the 16∶1–22∶1 range. After derivatization, the positions of the double bonds of even numbered fatty acid and fatty alcohol isomers were located by chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared. Results of these positional analyses indicate that the primary desaturation reactions takes place in the Δ9 position of pre-existing (C₁₄ to C₂₄) acyl chains. It is proposed that acyl components from 18∶1 are subjected to chain elongation to form a mixture of 24∶1 isomers as the final product. Apart from the 24∶1 acyl moiety of the wax esters, in which the double bond was almost exclusively in the Δ15 position, de novo biosynthetic reactions on acids and alcohols appear to yield related acyl- and alkyl-moieties of resynthesized wax esters.     

Raman spectra of Graphon carbon black

The Raman spectrum of Graphon carbon black has been recorded using rotating cell techniques. Angular dependence of scattering at 1360, 1580 and 2700 cm^?1 are reported and these data suggest that the 1360 cm^?1 line is associated with non-planar microstructure distortions. The excitation frequency dependence of the intensity ratio of the bands at 1360 (D) and 1580 cm^?1 (G) is interpreted in terms of resonance (vibronic) interaction. This dependence is primarily the result of an increase in the intensity of the 1360 cm ^?1 line. The disorder-associated line (D) exhibits a significant excitation-dependent shift from 1378 cm^i?1 (457.9 nm Ar⁺) to 1330 cm^?1 (647.1 nm Kr⁺). The “graphite” (G) line position is less sensitive to changes in excitation frequency. The spectral features are discussed in terms of factor group, C_6v⁴, and layer site symmetry, C_3v. Also the possible role of localized alkene-like structure in zones of structural distortion is considered.     

Composition of mixed octadecadienoates via ozonolysis,chromatography and computer solution of linear equations

An approach to the analysis of 55 possible nonconjugated positional isomers of octadecadienoic acid is described and tested with mixtures of individual synthetic methyl esters. In the first example, by ozonolysis a sevencomponent mixture consisting ofcis,cis 5,12-, 6,10-, 6,11-, 6,12-, 7,12-, 8,12-, and 9,12-octadecadienoates was converted to aldehydes, aldehyde-esters and dialdehydes. These fragments were separated on a 50 m×0.2 mm free fatty acid phase (FFAP) vitreous silica capillary column. Equations for an arbitrarily restricted 12×15 matrix of linear simultaneous equations and a computer solution of the matrix provided the composition of the initial methyl octadecadienoate mixture. The power and significance of this method became apparent with the observation that only two of the seven isomers in the known mixture were resolved as single peaks by state-of-the-art capillary gas chromatography, but all seven were identified and estimated with acceptable error by the ozonolysis-capillary gas chromatography-computer procedure. In a generalized approach to the analysis of the 55 possible nonconjugated isomers, a computer program selects the appropriate matrix of linear simultaneous equations based on the aldehyde data supplied by the analyst. Twenty of 21 combinations of seven isomeric esters taken five at a time have been analyzed to assess the efficiency of the method. To illustrate applicability at this stage of development, the method has been used to analyze the diene products of the hydrazine reduction of γ-linolenic acid and the diene products from the biological desaturation of isomeric monoenes. The possibility of distinguishing geometric and positional isomers of 18∶2 has been opened by the observed separation ofcis-andtrans-unsaturated aldehydes and aldehyde-esters. Presented in part at the 16th World Congress of the International Society for Fat Research, October 4–7, 1983, in Budapest, Hungary, and at the American Oil Chemists' Society Meeting, May 15, 1986, in Honolulu, Hawaii.     

硫代硫酸钠合成条件的优化

优化了亚硫酸钠与硫磺反应制备硫代硫酸钠的合成条件，最佳反应条件为：亚硫酸钠与硫磺质量比为7：2，亚硫酸钠与水质量比为1：1，溶液pH=10，反应时间30min，此时亚硫酸钠转化率为95．9％，产品纯度98．9％，收率94．5％。