Pyrolysis of model compounds on spent oil shales, minerals and charcoal: Implications for shale oil composition

Aliphatic compounds (alkanes, alkenes, alkanoic acids, ketones, alcohols and amines) were passed through beds of spent oil shales (Condor brown, Condor carbonaceous, Julia Creek), minerals (quartz, calcite, K-feldspar, pyrite, kaolinite) and charcoal at temperatures of 300–600 °C and the products were analysed by g.c.m.s. All the materials catalysed isomerization, aromatization and cracking to varying degrees: non-clay minerals < kaolinite ≈ spent oil shales < charcoal. Products included branched alkanes, isomeric alkenes, nitriles, ketones and alkyl-substituted benzenes, naphthalenes, pyridines, phenols, thiophenes and pyrroles. These compounds occur in shale oils and may be derived from secondary reactions of aliphatic products arising from kerogen cracking.     

The lead dioxide electrode

The recent literature dealing with the redox mechanism of the lead-acid cell positive electrode is reviewed. The basis electrochemistry of lead dioxide in its various polymorphic modifications and states of subdivision is considered in relation to the important aspects of electrode technology of which the major industrial application of the material is the conventional lead-acid cell. The proposed mechanism of the reduction (discharge) of lead dioxide in various acidic solutions are considered in relation to the present state of electrode kinetic theory. The reverse reaction by which lead dioxide is formed and the parasitic intrusion of the self discharge are dealt with as a precursor to the total cyclic process. It is concluded that in a number of respects the mechanisms proposed do not adequately represent the totality of the experimental observations. Such shortcomings are emphasized and extensions to present research are proposed.     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENAMEL ON A EUTECTIC BASIS1

The object of the investigation was to develop eutectic solvent for an enamel by the combination of several eutectics, then to add silica to increase the refractoriness of the enamel up to the limit of its capability to dissolve silica without endangering its bond to the metal body. This naturally involved a study of the entectic compositions of the RO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ systems. Since the Na₂O–B₂O₃-SiO₂, K₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂, and PbO–B₂O₃-SiO₂ detormation eutectics are known a knowledge of the CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ system was necessary. A study of the high B₂O₃ area of this system was made at approximately 4% intervals. A member high in CaO and SiO₂, and which on repeated fusions showed practically 100% glass, was selected as a practical member to blend with the Na₂O-B₂O₃–SiO₃ and the PbO-B₂O₃–SiO₂ eutedic to form a eutectic solvent for an enamel. Combinations of these eutectics and the CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ mixture were made and applied to cast iron by the dry process. Additions of SiO₂ were also made to these enamels up to 1.5 molecular equivalents. The physical properties of these enamels such as brilliancy, smoothness of surface, texture, bonding power, solubility in water, and resistance to acid attack were also determined.     

Electro-winning of chromium from chromic oxide by chlorination in fused salt and subsequent electrolysis

The electro-winning of chromium from chromic oxide after chlorination in a carbon-containing fused sodium chloride flux is described. Only low values of current efficiency (based on the reaction Cr³⁺ + 3e ← Cr) can be attained. The effects of concentration of chromic and chromous chlorides in the melt, of current density and of melt temperature are reported. The conclusion is reached that the major factor responsible for the low current efficiency is the re-solution of deposited metal by anodic chlorine.     

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Abstract and Key Results