A graphical approach to process synthesis and its application to steam reforming

It is common practice in chemical engineering to design processes sequentially. The type of product desired determines the choice of the feed materials that are introduced into the reactor networks. These in turn lead into the separation networks. The flows of heat and work are the final part of the sequence to be considered, with the application of heat exchanger networks, and any deficiency or excess in these flows is usually compensated for with the use of utilities. Although the ongoing research into reactor, separation, and heat exchanger optimization is of indubitable value, an aspect that is often overlooked in conventional research is the question: How do changes to one of the elements in the sequence affect the others? Most process designers do not address such matters until the next optimization of the sequence begins. The result of this sequential approach to design is that processes may contain a few very efficient units, but may also have others that are highly inefficient. A graphical technique that incorporates the flows of heat and work into the design of the process at a very early stage is proposed. The technique can be used to prepare flow sheets that represent a synthesized version of the elements that make up the complete process, rendering each component highly efficient. This new design tool uses the thermodynamic properties of enthalpy (representative of process heat requirements) and Gibbs free energy (representative of process work requirements) to develop process flow sheets that operate as close to reversibly as possible, and can be used as a foundation for more detailed refinements to achieve the best possible result. A case was described in a previous paper in which the graphical technique was applied to gasification. The application of the technique to the production of syngas by the steam reforming of natural gas is detailed. We show that the steam reforming process can be operated with increased reversibility and can actually consume carbon dioxide, thus representing a process with a carbon efficiency of greater than 100%, if the way in which all the process units interact with one another is used to utmost advantage. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3714–3729, 2013     

Harvester Ants Utilize Cuticular Hydrocarbons in Nestmate Recognition

Cuticular hydrocarbons appear to play a role in ant nestmate recognition, but few studies have tested this hypothesis experimentally with purified hydrocarbon extracts. We exposed captive colonies of the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex barbatus to small glass blocks coated with whole cuticular lipid extracts and the purified hydrocarbon portion of extracts from nestmate and nonnestmate workers. As an estimate of agonistic behavior, we measured the proportion of ants in contact with blocks that flared their mandibles. Blocks coated with cuticular extracts from nonnestmates were contacted by more workers in one of two experiments and elicited higher levels of aggression in both experiments than blocks bearing extracts from nestmates. The cuticular hydrocarbon fraction of extracts alone was sufficient to elicit agonistic behavior toward nonnestmates. The results demonstrate that harvester ants can perceive differences in cuticular hydrocarbon composition, and can use those differences in nestmate recognition.     

Induction of Phenolic Glycosides by Quaking Aspen (<Emphasis Type=Italic>Populus tremuloides)</Emphasis> Leaves in Relation to Extrafloral Nectaries and Epidermal Leaf Mining

We studied the effect of epidermal leaf mining on the leaf chemistry of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, during an outbreak of the aspen leaf miner, Phyllocnistis populiella, in the boreal forest of interior Alaska. Phyllocnistis populiella feeds on the epidermal cells of P. tremuloides leaves. Eleven days after the onset of leaf mining, concentrations of the phenolic glycosides tremulacin and salicortin were significantly higher in aspen leaves that had received natural levels of leaf mining than in leaves sprayed with insecticide to reduce mining damage. In a second experiment, we examined the time course of induction in more detail. The levels of foliar phenolic glycosides in naturally mined ramets increased relative to the levels in insecticide-treated ramets on the ninth day following the onset of leaf mining. Induction occurred while some leaf miner larvae were still feeding and when leaves had sustained mining over 5% of the leaf surface. Leaves with extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) had significantly higher constitutive and induced levels of phenolic glycosides than leaves lacking EFNs, but there was no difference in the ability of leaves with and without EFNs to induce phenolic glycosides in response to mining. Previous work showed that the extent of leaf mining damage was negatively related to the total foliar phenolic glycoside concentration, suggesting that phenolic glycosides deter or reduce mining damage. The results presented here demonstrate that induction of phenolic glycosides can be triggered by relatively small amounts of mining damage confined to the epidermal tissue, and that these changes in leaf chemistry occur while a subset of leaf miners are still feeding within the leaf.     

Toward a systems- and control-oriented agent framework.

This paper develops a systems- and control-oriented intelligent agent framework called the hybrid intelligent control agent (HICA), as well as its composition into specific kinds of multiagent systems. HICA is essentially developed around a hybrid control system core so that knowledge-based planning and coordination can be integrated with verified hybrid control primitives to achieve the coordinated control of multiple multimode dynamical systems. The scheme is applied to the control of teams of unmanned air and ground vehicles engaged in a pursuit-evasion war game. Results are demonstrated in simulation.     

What Turing Did after He Invented the Universal Turing Machine

Alan Turing anticipated many areas of current research incomputer and cognitive science. This article outlines his contributionsto Artificial Intelligence, connectionism, hypercomputation, andArtificial Life, and also describes Turing's pioneering role in thedevelopment of electronic stored-program digital computers. It locatesthe origins of Artificial Intelligence in postwar Britain. It examinesthe intellectual connections between the work of Turing and ofWittgenstein in respect of their views on cognition, on machineintelligence, and on the relation between provability and truth. Wecriticise widespread and influential misunderstandings of theChurch–Turing thesis and of the halting theorem. We also explore theidea of hypercomputation, outlining a number of notional machines thatcompute the uncomputable.     

An extension of singular value analysis for assessing manipulated variable constraints

A new approach called feasible output radius analysis for linear or linearised models is introduced to address the problem of scaling dependency. This problem arises when assessing the effect of manipulated variable constraints (MVCs) on the closed-loop performance of chemical processes prior to carrying out control designs. The new indicators, and can be used to rank alternative control schemes on the basis that the larger and , the better the closed-loop performance in the presence of control constraints. These indicators are determined from extending the concept of the ‘feasible output amplitude region’ and are independent of the input scaling chosen. Theoretical analysis shows that this method is an extension of the more traditional singular value analysis approach and is more flexible in dealing with various kinds of manipulated variable constraints. A case study, i.e. a two-CSTR process, is investigated using the new method. Via the case study, some superior characteristics of the new technique are demonstrated, such as ease of calculation, and flexibility in coping with different kinds of constraints.     

Enduring memory-influenced biases in gymnastic judging.

An experiment is reported that examined the duration of prior processing effects in gymnastic judging. Gymnastic judges first encountered a series of gymnastic elements during a study phase. Perceptual and recognition tests then followed 1 of 3 delay conditions: immediate, 1 day, or 1 week. For perceptual judgments, gymnastic elements that were performed the same at study and test resulted in the highest level of accuracy. Elements seen for the first time were less accurate, and the lowest level of accuracy occurred for those that had changed in performance from study to test. This descending pattern of accuracy occurred for all 3 delay conditions, indicating that effects of prior processing were long lasting. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Recency judgments in children: A production deficiency in the use of redundant background cues.

Presented 8 20-picture lists to 40 2nd and 40 4th graders, and each list followed by 3 test pairs, each pair repeating 2 list items. Ss were required to pick the item they had seen more recently on the list. Background color cues were provided, and half the Ss were instructed in using the cues to simplify the task. Difficulty of the recency judgments was also varied by increasing the separation between the 1st presentation of the tested items from 3 to 9 items. The wider the separation, the better the judgment of relative recency. On cue problems, training improved the performance of 2nd graders but not 4th graders. The developmental implications of the study are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)