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991.
992.
Ewing SA Christensen JN Brown ST Vancuren RA Cliff SS Depaolo DJ 《Environmental science & technology》2010,44(23):8911-8916
During the last two decades, expanding industrial activity in east Asia has led to increased production of airborne pollutants that can be transported to North America. Previous efforts to detect this trans-Pacific pollution have relied upon remote sensing and remote sample locations. We tested whether Pb isotope ratios in airborne particles can be used to directly evaluate the Asian contribution to airborne particles of anthropogenic origin in western North America, using a time series of samples from a pair of sites upwind and downwind of the San Francisco Bay Area. Our results for airborne Pb at these sites indicate a median value of 29% Asian origin, based on mixing relations between distinct regional sample groups. This trans-Pacific Pb is present in small quantities but serves as a tracer for airborne particles within the growing Asian industrial plume. We then applied this analysis to archived samples from urban sites in central California. Taken together, our results suggest that the analysis of Pb isotopes can reveal the distribution of airborne particles affected by Asian industrial pollution at urban sites in northern California. Under suitable circumstances, this analysis can improve understanding of the global transport of pollution, independent of transport models. 相似文献
993.
Lafferty BJ Ginder-Vogel M Zhu M Livi KJ Sparks DL 《Environmental science & technology》2010,44(22):8467-8472
Arsenite (As(III)) oxidation by manganese oxides (Mn-oxides) serves to detoxify and, under many conditions, immobilize arsenic (As) by forming arsenate (As(V)). As(III) oxidation by Mn(IV)-oxides can be quite complex, involving many simultaneous forward reactions and subsequent back reactions. During As(III) oxidation by Mn-oxides, a reduction in oxidation rate is often observed, which is attributed to Mn-oxide surface passivation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) data show that Mn(II) sorption on a poorly crystalline hexagonal birnessite (δ-MnO?) is important in passivation early during reaction with As(III). Also, it appears that Mn(III) in the δ-MnO? structure is formed by conproportionation of sorbed Mn(II) and Mn(IV) in the mineral structure. The content of Mn(III) within the δ-MnO? structure appears to increase as the reaction proceeds. Binding of As(V) to δ-MnO? also changes as Mn(III) becomes more prominent in the δ-MnO ? structure. The data presented indicate that As(III) oxidation and As(V) sorption by poorly crystalline δ-MnO? is greatly affected by Mn oxidation state in the δ-MnO? structure. 相似文献
994.
Karoline D’Haene Steven Sleutel Stefaan De Neve Donald Gabriels Georges Hofman 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2009,84(3):249-265
Reduced tillage (RT) agriculture is an effective measure to reduce soil loss from soils susceptible to erosion in the short-term
and is claimed to increase the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. The change in distribution and total SOC stock in the 0–60 cm
layer, the stratification of microbial biomass carbon (MB-C) content in the 0–40 cm layer and the carbon (C) mineralization
in the upper 0–5 cm layer in silt loam soils in Western Europe with different periods of RT agriculture were evaluated. Ten
fields at seven locations, representing the important RT types and maintained for a different number of years, and eight fields
under conventional tillage (CT) agriculture with similar soil type and crop rotation were selected. RT agriculture resulted
in a higher stratification of SOC in the soil profile than CT agriculture. However, the total SOC stock in the 0–60 cm layer
was not changed, even after 20 of years RT agriculture. The MB-C was significantly higher in the 0–10 cm layer under RT agriculture,
even after only 5 years, compared to CT agriculture. The higher SOC and MB-C content in the upper 0–5 cm layer of RT fields
resulted in a higher C mineralization rate in undisturbed soil in the laboratory. Simulating ploughing by disturbing the soil
resulted in inconsistent changes (both lower and higher) of C mineralization rates. A crop rotation with root crops, with
heavy soil disturbance every 2 or 3 years at harvest, possibly limited the anticipated positive effect of RT agriculture in
our research. 相似文献
995.
Joseph Samaniuk David Litchfield Donald Baird 《Polymer Engineering and Science》2009,49(12):2329-2341
A technique for improving the exfoliation of organically modified layered silicate (OMLS) in a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) matrix using super critical carbon dioxide (scCO2) is compared to traditional direct melt blending. The process relies on the rapid expansion of a scCO2/OMLS mixture directly into the second stage of a single screw extruder where the clay and scCO2 mixture is subsequently melt blended with the PET matrix. The simple, environmentally benign process results in a more highly delaminated system than traditional direct melt compounding. X‐ray diffraction analysis is used to reveal improved clay morphologies and the resulting mechanical properties are examined. Rheology is used as a tool to draw conclusions about the effect that scCO2 has on reducing PET matrix degradation during processing. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers 相似文献
996.
Helena A. Soini Donald Wiesler Sachiko Koyama Christophe Féron Claude Baudoin Milos V. Novotny 《Journal of chemical ecology》2009,35(5):580-589
Whereas the house mouse (Mus domesticus) has been studied extensively in terms of physiology/behavior and pheromonal attributes, the evolutionarily related mound-building
mouse (Mus spicilegus) has received attention only recently due to its divergent behavioral traits related to olfaction. To date, no chemical studies
on urinary volatile compounds have been performed on M. spicilegus. The rationale for our investigations was to determine if there are differences in urinary volatiles of intact and castrated
M. spicilegus males and to explore further whether this species could utilize the same or structurally similar pheromones as the male house
mouse, M. domesticus. The use of capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) together with sorptive stir bar extraction sampling enabled
quantitative comparisons between the intact and castrated M. spicilegus urinary profiles. Additionally, through GC-MS and atomic emission (sulfur-selective) detection, we identified qualitative
molecular differences between intact M. spicilegus and M. domesticus. A series of volatile and odoriferous lactones and the presence of coumarin were the unique features of M. spicilegus, as was the notable absence of 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole (a prominent M. domesticus male pheromone) and other sulfur-containing compounds. Castration of M. spicilegus males eliminated several substances, including δ-hexalactone and γ-octalactone, and substantially decreased additional compounds,
suggesting their possible role in chemical communication. Some other M. domesticus pheromone components were also found in M. spicilegus urine. These comparative chemical analyses support the notion of metabolic similarities as well as the uniqueness of some
volatiles for M. spicilegus, which may have a distinct physiological function in reproduction and behavior. 相似文献
997.
Organic–inorganic hybrid coatings were prepared using silane-modified glycidyl carbamate resins and different amine crosslinkers via the sol–gel process. Two different silane-modified glycidyl carbamate resins with 33% and 20% silane modification were prepared. The synthesized resins were crosslinked with amine crosslinkers such as Amicure PACM, Ancamide 805, Ancamide 2050, Ancamide 2353, Epicure 3164, Jeffamine D-400, etc., at different epoxy to amine equivalent ratios. The formulated hybrid coatings were cured at laboratory temperature and humidity for more than 20 days and subjected to different tests. The hybrid coatings were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) during network maturation. Post-cured coatings were also analyzed to understand the effect of structural variables on the coatings thermal properties. Mechanical testing of the post-cured coatings such as König pendulum hardness, crosshatch adhesion and impact resistance were also evaluated. Solvent resistance of the coatings was evaluated by of testing the methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) double rub resistance. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to characterize the surface topography of the hybrid coatings. Finally, structure–property correlations were given based on the observed results. 相似文献
998.
An investigation of particle behavior in gas–solid horizontal pipe flow by an extended LDA technique
An extended Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) technique has been developed to measure the distributions of particle velocities and particle number rates over a whole pipe cross-section in a dilute pneumatic conveying system. The first extension concentrates on the transform matrix for predicting the laser beams’ cross point in a pipe according to the shift coordinate of the 3D computer-controlled traverse system on which the probes of the LDA system were mounted. The second focuses on the proper LDA sample rate for the measurement of gas–solid pipe flow with polydisperse particles. A suitable LDA sample rate should ensure that enough data is recorded in the measurement interval to precisely calculate the particle mean velocity or other statistical values at every sample point. The present study explores the methodology as well as the fundamentals of measurements, using a laser facility, of the cross-sectional distributions of solid phase. In the horizontal gas–solid pipe flow (glass beads less than 110 μm), the experimental data show that the cross-sectional flow patterns of the solid phase can be classified by annulus-like flow describing the axial particle velocity contours and stratified flow characterising particle number rate distribution over a cross-section. Thus, the cross-sectional flow pattern of the solid phase in a horizontal pipe may be annular or stratified dependent on whether the axial particle velocity or particle number rate is the phenomenon studied. 相似文献
999.
Yang D Bertram JM Converse MC O'Rourke AP Webster JG Hagness SC Will JA Mahvi DM 《IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering》2006,53(3):533-537
We report a novel coaxial antenna for hepatic microwave ablation. This device uses a floating sleeve, that is, a metal conductor electrically isolated from the outer connector of the antenna coaxial body, to achieve a highly localized specific absorption rate pattern that is independent of insertion depth. This floating sleeve coaxial dipole antenna has low power reflection in the 2.4-GHz IMS band. Ex vivo experiments confirm our numerical simulation results. Index Terms-Ablation, coaxial aperture antennas, finite element methods, floating sleeve, microwave heating. 相似文献
1000.
Murphy RJ Yan S O'Sullivan JA Snyder DL Whiting BR Politte DG Lasio G Williamson JF 《IEEE transactions on medical imaging》2006,25(10):1392-1404
We address the problem of image formation in transmission tomography when metal objects of known composition and shape, but unknown pose, are present in the scan subject. Using an alternating minimization (AM) algorithm, derived from a model in which the detected data are viewed as Poisson-distributed photon counts, we seek to eliminate the streaking artifacts commonly seen in filtered back projection images containing high-contrast objects. We show that this algorithm, which minimizes the I-divergence (or equivalently, maximizes the log-likelihood) between the measured data and model-based estimates of the means of the data, converges much faster when knowledge of the high-density materials (such as brachytherapy applicators or prosthetic implants) is exploited. The algorithm incorporates a steepest descent-based method to find the position and orientation (collectively called the pose) of the known objects. This pose is then used to constrain the image pixels to their known attenuation values, or, for example, to form a mask on the "missing" projection data in the shadow of the objects. Results from two-dimensional simulations are shown in this paper. The extension of the model and methods used to three dimensions is outlined. 相似文献