EFFECT OF MICROBIAL ADSORPTION AT THE GAS/LIQUID INTERFACE ON OXYGEN ENHANCEMENT FACTORS

The adsorption of micro-organisms at the gas/liquid interface causes both an increase in the oxygen respiration rate and a decrease in the oxygen diffusion coefficient near the interface. An increase in the oxygen consumption rate increases the oxygen mass transfer rate into the bacterial broth but a decreased oxygen diffusion coefficient reduces the mass transfer rate. These two factors must be taken into account when enhancement factors are calculated.     

"TALK WITH THE EXPERTS": LEARNING MANAGEMENT DECISION-MAKING USING CAI

This paper describes the development and use of "Talk With the Experts," a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) tool for assisting learning management decision-making. Utilizing expert knowledge-based systems (EKBS), a user consults with computerized "experts" by answering a series of questions asked by the EKBS about his her specific situation (for example, judging the appropriateness of a franchise offering for the user). The system, using decision rules and computer logic, not only makes recommendations about a user's management decision problem situation, but also explains the reasoning processes leading to those recommendations. "Talk With the Experts" extends prior research in the CAI field in small but significant ways: it has incorporated advanced computer technologies into CAI tools and has developed applications to management decision-making learning.     

Illusions of control and social domination strategies in knowledge mapping system use

In recent years, the overload of information has driven companies to develop visualization technologies as a way to graphically represent knowledge for decision making. On the basis of visualization technologies and on knowledge modeling techniques, knowledge maps (Kmaps) help represent the knowledge assets of a company as graphical discrete objects. Yet such systems, because of their visual representation of knowledge, are prone to creating illusions. Using a case study of three firms’ use of Kmaps in their Human Resource departments and drawing upon Bourdieu's social theory, illusion of control theory, and IS as signal and symbol theory, our study provides a critical perspective on the use of Kmaps by groups of actors to reinforce their social domination in business organizations. We find that Kmap use can lead to illusions of knowledge control and illusions of executive control and that in response to the potential for knowledge illusions, three social domination strategies – a signal and symbol strategy, an avoidance strategy and an evidence strategy – are employed. Implications of these results on Knowledge Management and Information Systems Management future research are discussed.     

Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) corymbosum seed oil—A rich source of a novel conjugated acetylenic acid

A new conjugated trans,trans-diunsaturated acetylenic acid (17%), found for the first time in nature as a main component of the seed oil of Tanacetum (Chrysanthemum) corymbosum, was shown to be octadeca-8t,10t-dien-12-ynoic acid. Another already known naturally occurring acetylenic acid, crepenynic acid (10%), was found also in the seed oil. The structure of this new unusual fatty acid was confirmed by chromatographic (thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography) and spectroscopic (infrared, ultraviolet, mass spectrometry) methods by using different chemical derivatizations (deuteration, preparation of picolinyl ester, dimethyloxazoline, and maleic anhydride adduct).     

Assessment by Microscopy of the Coverage of Sludge Flocs by a Nano‐scale Surface Layer

Flocs are irregularly shaped suspended particles of complex structure and composition that occur naturally in aquatic systems. In water treatment facilities, the settling of flocs is extremely important. Transmission electron microscopy was used to quantify the formation of a nano‐scale surface layer on flocs from two laboratory bioreactors modelling a biological wastewater treatment facility. By comparing different floc populations, we demonstrated that flocs that settled quickly out of wastewater had a significant amount of this layer, whereas those with little nano‐scale surface layer had poor settling properties. This morphological feature of floc ultrastructure may permit engineering manipulations that promote floc settling.     

Aspects of Packaging from NDA <- IND

The strategic decisions regarding package stability in an NDA should be thought out even before the IND stage (hence the inversion of the order of the words NDA and IND in the title). The philosophy of clinical blister packaging is discussed as are the tests necessary to ensure perfection of seal. The principles of molecular and pinhole moisture permeation are discussed. Suggested fractional factorial schemes for package testing are presented     

Children's construction of horizontals, verticals, and diagonals: An operational explanation of the "oblique effect."

Used a computer-based task to investigate the problem that young children have in constructing diagonals. The computer made it feasible to change how lines of different orientations had to be formed. It was predicted that if diagonals are difficult to construct because of the operations required to conceptualize them, then changing how they had to be formed might make it possible for children to construct diagonals better than horizontals and verticals. 20 5-yr-olds, 20 8-yr-olds, and 20 undergraduates attempted to construct horizontal, vertical, 45° left diagonal, and 45° right diagonal lines in either horizontal/vertical-easy or diagonal-easy configurations of the apparatus. Results support the operational explanation of the oblique effect. The 5-yr-olds performed in accordance with the configuration of the drawing system. On the whole, they could not make diagonals in the horizontal/vertical-easy configuration, thus demonstrating the oblique effect. When diagonals were made easy to produce, 5-yr-olds could form them but had difficulty with horizontals and verticals, indicating a nonoblique effect in the diagonal-easy configuration. There was only an oblique effect with the 8-yr-olds. Undergraduates made virtually no errors on any of the lines. Findings confirm the claim that the difficulty that the 5-yr-olds had was in combining separate spatial components. (20 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Specific factors affecting lead uptake by food from cooking water

Following earlier work, detailed studies have been carried out on the lead uptake of individual foods from soft and hard water containing various amounts of lead. Experiments have also been made to determine whether solutions of lead nitrate in distilled water simulate the behaviour of water containing naturally present lead. The effect of length of cooking time, weight/volume ratio and salt addition have been studied, as well as the depostion of lead on to cooking vessels. In general, green vegetables, carrots, rice and spaghetti were found to take up more lead than do other foods. The difference in uptake observed between hard and soft waters varied according to the particular food being studied. Uptake from lead nitrate solutions showed a very similar pattern to uptake from hard water containing naturally present lead. Equilibrium was reached after only 5 min cooking for cabbage and spaghetti. Varying the solid/volume ratio for cabbage affected the uptake of lead from water, but the addition of sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate had little effect on lead uptake. There was no sign of saturation in uptake of lead by cabbage from solutions of 11 mg litre^?1 lead as lead nitrate. Deposition of lead occurred on both aluminium and glass saucepans, and cleaning was more effective in removing lead from glass saucepans. Results obtained from the analysis of diets in a small population at Ayr confirmed those obtained previously by laboratory experiments.