Task Switching After Cerebellar Damage.

The authors of this study investigated task switching following cerebellar damage. The study group consisted of 7 children and adolescents (M age = 13.8 years) who underwent surgical removal of a benign posterior fossa tumor. They were tested at a sufficient interval after surgery (M lag = 6.13 years) for restoration of normal cognitive skills and intelligence. Although all showed normal learning of the task compared with control participants, when rapid behavioral changes were required (short preparation time), they exhibited behavioral rigidity manifested by enhanced switching cost. These results are in line with another study on serial reaction time with the same patients (A. Berger et al., in press). They have important implications for our understanding of the cognitive sequelae of early cerebellar damage as well as the involvement of the cerebellum in task switching. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Male honor and female fidelity: Implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence.

Two studies explored how domestic violence may be implicitly or explicitly sanctioned and reinforced in cultures where honor is a salient organizing theme. Three general predictions were supported: (a) female infidelity damages a man's reputation, particularly in honor cultures; (b) this reputation can be partially restored through the use of violence; and (c) women in honor cultures are expected to remain loyal in the face of jealousy-related violence. Study 1 involved participants from Brazil (an honor culture) and the United States responding to written vignettes involving infidelity and violence in response to infidelity. Study 2 involved southern Anglo, Latino, and northern Anglo participants witnessing a "live" incident of aggression against a woman (actually a confederate) and subsequently interacting with her. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Within- and between-culture variation: Individual differences and the cultural logics of honor, face, and dignity cultures.

The CuPS (Culture × Person × Situation) approach attempts to jointly consider culture and individual differences, without treating either as noise and without reducing one to the other. Culture is important because it helps define psychological situations and create meaningful clusters of behavior according to particular logics. Individual differences are important because individuals vary in the extent to which they endorse or reject a culture's ideals. Further, because different cultures are organized by different logics, individual differences mean something different in each. Central to these studies are concepts of honor-related violence and individual worth as being inalienable versus socially conferred. We illustrate our argument with 2 experiments involving participants from honor, face, and dignity cultures. The studies showed that the same “type” of person who was most helpful, honest, and likely to behave with integrity in one culture was the “type” of person least likely to do so in another culture. We discuss how CuPS can provide a rudimentary but integrated approach to understanding both within- and between-culture variation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The jury and abjury of my peers: The self in face and dignity cultures.

The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people into their private self-definitions. Particularly important for people from a face culture are public representations—knowledge that is shared and known to be shared about someone. In contrast, people from a dignity culture try to preserve the sovereign self by not letting others define them. In the 3 experiments, dignity culture participants showed a studied indifference to the judgments of their peers, ignoring peers' assessments—whether those assessments were public or private, were positive or negative, or were made by qualified peers or unqualified peers. Ways that the self is “knotted” up with social judgments and cultural imperatives are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Trichothecium roseum的酸碱属性及pH值对其胞外酶活性和致病性的影响

目的：明确粉红单端孢（Trichothecium roseum）侵染果实的酸碱性质,测定3 种pH值孢子悬浮液接种对苹果果实病斑直径及胞外酶活性的影响。方法：用T. roseum接种“富士”苹果,测定果实病斑处的pH值变化。用pH值分别为3、5和7的孢子悬浮液接种果实,观察接种对果实病斑直径及病斑处果胶酶和纤维素酶活性的影响。结果：T. roseum接种后果实病斑处的pH值显著升高,由第0天的3.54升高至第12天的4.84,提高了36.7%。3 种pH值孢子悬浮液接种果实后,以pH 7接种的果实病斑直径最大,第9天时分别高出pH 5与pH 3接种的35.2%与68.0%。pH 7接种的果实病斑处具有最高的果胶酶及纤维素酶活性,第9天时的果胶甲酯酶、果胶甲基多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性分别为pH 3接种的2.95、1.61 倍和1.68 倍,为pH 5接种的2、1.25 倍和1.39 倍。此外,pH 7接种的果实病斑处纤维素酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶第9天的活性分别为pH 3接种的1.97 倍和1.64 倍,为pH 5接种的1.33 倍和1.3 倍。结论：T. roseum属碱化菌,中性或偏碱环境可提高该菌损伤接种苹果果实病斑处的胞外酶活性,增强其致病性。     

Kinetics of sensory quality changes in soymilk during thermal processing,by parametric and non‐parametric data analyses

Soymilk was subjected to various heat treatments at 90, 120 and 140 °C for various lengths of time. The colour and flavour of the soymilk samples were evaluated by a sensory panel consisting of eight semi‐trained assessors on (1) a 9‐unit hedonic scale, with analysis based on the assumption that the units are equidistant, and (2) a 15‐point hedonic ‘Smiley’ pictorial scale, the results being analysed non‐parametrically. The proportion (%) of ratings higher than or equal to/higher than the overall median of the samples was used as a rigorous estimate of product quality. These values were used to determine the colour and flavour changes in heated soymilk and their temperature dependence. The Z‐values derived from the parametric and non‐parametric analyses were in close agreement, ranging from 31 to 33 °C and from 30 to 32 °C for colour and flavour respectively. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Analyzing Dynamic Behavior of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

An advanced generalized plasticity soil model and bounding surface geosynthetic model, in conjunction with a dynamic finite element procedure, are used to analyze the behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining walls. The construction behavior of a full-scale wall is first analyzed followed by a series of five shaking table tests conducted in a centrifuge. The parameters for the sandy backfill soils are calibrated through the results of monotonic and cyclic triaxial tests. The wall facing deformations, strains in the geogrid reinforcement layers, lateral earth pressures acting at the facing blocks, and vertical stresses at the foundation are presented. In the centrifugal shaking table tests, the response of the walls subject to 20 cycles of sinusoidal wave having a frequency of 2 Hz and of acceleration amplitude of 0.2g are compared with the results of analysis. The acceleration in the backfill, strain in the geogrid layers, and facing deformation are computed and compared to the test results. The results of analysis for both static and dynamic tests compared reasonably well with the experimental results.     

Adding a temporal dimension to a logic system

We introduce a methodology whereby an arbitrary logic system L can be enriched with temporal features to create a new system T(L). The new system is constructed by combining L with a pure propositional temporal logic T (such as linear temporal logic with Since and Until) in a special way. We refer to this method as adding a temporal dimension to L or just temporalising L. We show that the logic system T(L) preserves several properties of the original temporal logic like soundness, completeness, decidability, conservativeness and separation over linear flows of time. We then focus on the temporalisation of first-order logic, and a comparison is make with other first-order approaches to the handling of time.     

Comparison of methods for calculating stress intensity factors with quarter-point elements

The quarter-point quadrilateral element is employed with various methods for calculating the stress intensity factor in order to provide guidelines for a best method. These methods include displacement extrapolation, J-integral and Griffith's energy calculations, and the stiffness derivative technique. Three geometries are considered: a central crack, a single edge crack and double edge cracks in a rectangular sheet. For these cases, it is observed that the stiffness derivative method yields the most accurate results, whereas displacement extrapolation is the easiest method to implement and still yields reasonable accuracy.

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Résumé On utilise les éléments en quadrilatère quart point dans diverses méthodes de calcul du facteur d'intensité de contrainte, afin de servir de guide pour le choix de la meilleure méthode. Il s'agit notamment des méthodes par extrapolation des déplacements, par calcul d'intégrale J ou d'énergie de Griffith, et par dérivée de la raideur. On considère trois géométries: une fissure centrale, une fissure de bord simple et deux fissures de bord dans une feuille rectangulaire. On observe pour ces trois cas que la méthode de la dérivée de la raideur conduit aux résultats les plus précis; par ailleurs, la méthode d'extrapolation des déplacements est la plus aisée à mettre en oeuvre et conduit néanmoins à une raisonnable exactitude.