Nutrition and diet-related problems

Adolescence is a period of remarkable change. Nutrient requirements increase to promote physical growth and development and adolescents begin to make lifelong diet choices. These choices are often influenced by family, peers, and individual nutrition beliefs. This article addresses typical problems and recommendations for normal adolescent nutrition as well as nutrient needs for special conditions such as obesity, athletics, and vegetarianism.     

Treatment of aplastic anaemia with antilymphocyte globulin and cyclosporin

Improved survival of patients with aplastic anaemia (AA) has been reported over the last 20 years with immunosuppressive (IS) therapy using antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), and more recently cyclosporin (CSA). The antibody specificities of ALG have now been more clearly defined and are not only T cell directed but also include activities against B cells, NK cells and monocytes. Consequently, the effectiveness of ALG in AA may involve several different mechanisms, and may also help to explain the delayed response that occurs in AA. CSA increases the response rate to ALG in the first 3-6 months, but does not result in improved survival compared with ALG alone. Better supportive care has undoubtedly contributed to the improved survival of patients with time. Almost half the patients who do not respond to a first course of ALG can achieve a later response with a second course of ALG. Relapse occurs in 30% of patients, but up to 50% will respond again with a second course of ALG. Evaluation of the expression of (1) phosphatidylinositol-glycan (PIG)-anchored proteins on haemopoietic cells and (2) gamma-IFN in bone marrow mononuclear cells, may help to predict which patients are more likely to respond to IS therapy. Long term follow up of patients is required to assess the predictive value of X-inactivation DNA studies and PIG-protein expression for later clonal evolution.     

Induction of native protein reactive antibodies by immunization with peptides containing linear B-cell epitopes defined by anti-porcine ZP3 beta monoclonal antibodies

To identify pertinent target epitopes for contraceptive vaccine development, rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against four peptides synthesized from the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of porcine zona pellucida macromolecule ZP3 beta and coupled to diphtheria toxoid (DT). Synthetic peptides consisted of: P1, 23-37 aa; P2, 164-179 aa with an additional C-terminal cysteine; P3, 246-263 aa with an extra C-terminal cysteine; and P4, 310-321 aa residues corresponding to pZP3 beta precursor protein. Selected sequences were based upon B cell epitopes identified previously by monoclonal antibodies. Immune sera reacted with their respective peptides and DT in an ELISA, and also recognized porcine SIZP and pZP3 beta both in ELISA and Western blot and zona pellucida of porcine oocytes in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. None of the four anti-peptide sera recognized pZP3 alpha in Western blot, emphasizing the specificity of these antibodies to pZP3 beta. The anti-peptide sera, individually, failed to inhibit in vitro attachment of boar sperm to antibody treated zona encased porcine oocytes. However, combinations of immune sera against peptides such as P1 + P4, P2 + P4 and P1 + P2 + P4, did significantly inhibit porcine sperm-oocyte interaction. These results identify combinations of peptides that could potentially be used in the design of an immunocontraceptive vaccine based upon synthetic peptides corresponding to pZP3 beta or its homologues in other species.     

Posture, blood velocity in common femoral vein, and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism

Might leg elevation and avoidance of poor postures provide better prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism than heparin or mechanical methods? 12 supine subjects tilted in 3 degrees increments from 6 degrees leg-down to 12 degrees leg-up showed linear increase in mean peak blood velocity and reduction in calibre in the common femoral vein (colour-duplex ultrasound). Between horizontal and 6 degrees leg-up, velocity was increased by 17% and diameter reduced by 14%. A ranking of mean peak velocities in six postures (sitting; standing; trunk raised 35 degrees to legs which were first horizontal and then tilted up 6 degrees; supine, first horizontal then 6 degrees leg-up) showed significant increases in velocity between consecutive positions.