Bromoform Formation in Ozonated Groundwater Containing Bromide and Humic Substances

The effect of bromide ion, organic carbon concentration (natural aquatic humic substances), pH, and solar irradiation on the formation of bromoform in ozonated groundwater has been studied. The studies were conducted on four unique samples of groundwater taken from different regions of the Biscayne Aquifer in southern Florida. All other conditions being equal, increases in bromide ion concentrations resulted in increases in CHBrg formation. In three of the four samples, CHBr₃ formation decreased as the pH level increased from 5 to 9. The fourth sample exhibited an opposite trend whereby the CHBr₃ concentration increased with increasing pH. Bromoform concentration increased with increased O₃ concentration over an ozone dosage range of 3.4 to 6.7 mg/L.     

Studies of malformation syndromes of man XXIX: the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome. Clinical, genetic and pathogenetic studies of 12 cases

This report describes 12 patients with the Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome (WBS), including 6 familial cases from 2 families. The clinical manifestations do not allow for a differentiation between familial and sporadic cases. Consistent morphologic features include organomegaly, cytomegaly and nucleomegaly. The pathogenetic process may involve few or many organs and tissues and may represent a nuclear/mitotic dysfunction. Clinically, the manifestations are hyperplasia, hypoplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia and defects in differentiation. Secondary functional disturbances are at times prominent. The differential diagnosis of the WBS includes 1) the Wilm's tumor (WT)-aniridia syndrome: 2) the "tumor-hypertrophy syndrome" which includes WT, adenocortical tumors or hepatoblastoma; 3) the WT-pseudohermaphroditism syndrome; and 4) the "tumor-nevus syndrome" with or without malformations (particularly duplications) of the urinary tract. The latter two conditions are apparently not associated with hemihypertrophy. Familial occurrence suggests that some cases of the WBS may be due to delayed mutation. Carriers of the premutated allele appear to belong to two classes: those with a high risk of producing affected offspring and those who transmit the premutated allele but have no affected offspring.     

Identification of a C4 Subcomponent on C3d-coated erythrocytes

Test erythrocytes (E) used to evaluate anti-complement (C') antiglobulin sera have not been adequately standardized. This report describes a previously unrecognized C4-derived antigen (temporarily called X-Ag) found on E generally believed to be coated only with the C3d subcomponent of C3, X-Ag occurred on all E coated in vitro with C' by low ionic strength-sucrose or cold agglutinin methods and on E from ten of ten patients whose cells had been C' coated in vivo. It was not removed by incubating these cells with trypsin or fresh compatible serum. This antigen was found on "C4-only-coated" red blood cells made with normal or congenitally C2-deficient serum but not on cells similarly prepared with congenitally C4-deficient serum. It was not identified on E coated with C' via the alternate pathway, normal trypsinized cells, nor cells coated only with IgG. Absorption experiments utilizing purified complement components and subcomponents and G200 Sephadex fractions of normal human serum strongly suggest that X-Ag is a subcomponent of C4(C4d). These results show that at least one C' subcomponent other than C3d occures on both in vitro and in vivo C3d-coated erythrocytes and must be taken into account when such cells are used to evaluate antiglobulin reagents.     

Rapid determination of coal char oxidative reactivity

A rapid quantitative estimation of carbon dioxide by infrared spectrophotometry provided a rapid and reliable technique for a semi-quantitative comparison of the reactivity of carbon samples to oxidative gases, since the previously demonstrated inverse relation between ease of wet oxidation of carbon samples and their reactivity to oxidizing gases was confirmed. Wet-oxidation characteristics of Montana lignite char, FMC bituminouscoal char, and electrode carbon were tested. The effect of particle size, carbon content and potassium oxide as a catalyst were investigated. Potassium oxide appeared to inhibit the wet oxidation of Montana lignite char, which observation extends the inverse relation for uncatalysed samples. The method adopted in this technique can provide the basis for choice between alternative char samples either for complete gasification or combustion.     

Male-specific volatiles from nearctic and Australasian true bugs (Heteroptera: Coreidae and Alydidae)

Aeration and exocrine gland extracts were analyzed for three Coreidae and two Alydidae. Males of all the species studied emit volatile blends that are probably pheromones, but sexual communication in these insects evolved differently. In the alydids,Riptortus serripes andMirperus scutellaris, the metathoracic scent glands are sexually dimorphic, and the dimorphisms are expressed chemically. Secretions from the male alydids contain high concentrations of esters or alcohols [e.g., (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-2-octenol], while females produce mainly acids and aldehydes [e.g., butyric and hexanoic acids, and (E)-2-hexenal]. In the coreids,Amblypelta lutescens lutescens, Amblypelta nitida, andLeptoglossus phyllopus, the metathoracic scent glands are not sexually dimorphic, but male- and species-specific volatiles are released, apparently from cells in the cuticular epidermis. The coreid male-specific volatiles are primarily monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, including (–)-(3R)-(E)-nerolidol as the major component fromA. lutescens lutescens (an Australasian species) andL. phyllopus (a Nearctic species). Only (+)-(3S)-(E)-nerolidol is commonly found in plants so (E)-nerolidol from these coreids is environmentally unique because of its chirality.     

Oilseed handling and preparation prior to solvent extraction

This paper describes cleaning of soybeans, present methods of drying soybeans to facilitate easy hull removal for the production of high protein meal, latest methods of air recirculation for energy efficiency in process drying, latest methods of handling soybeans to facilitate dust control in storage and conveying, conventional methods of dehulling with an emphasis on potential energy savings, cracking of soybeans with high capacity mills with special corrugations to give ideal particle size distribution for efficient dehulling, flaking of soybeans with high capacity mills; and latest innovations in the drying, dehulling, and conditioning of soybeans by use of the fluidbed drier and the microwave vacuum process.     

The effect of dietary fats on the plasma lipid composition of sheep

This study reports on the plasma lipid compositions of sheep fed either a control diet (C), a control diet supplemented with tallow (A) or polyunsaturated fatty acid (B) that had been protected against hydrolysis and hydrogenation in the rumen, or a control diet supplemented with maize oil (D). Diet B considerably increased the 18∶2 content of all the major plasma lipid fractions. Although the feeding of diet D also resulted in an increase in the 18∶2 contents within the cholesteryl ester, unesterified fatty acid, and phospholipid fractions the increases were considerably less than those observed with diet B; the levels of 18∶2 within the triglyceride fraction remained similar to that for the sheep which received the control diet. The effect of feeding diet A was confined solely to the triglyceride fraction where the concentrations of 16∶0 and 18∶1 were increased. The lipoproteins of the plasma were separated into very low density lipoproteins (d<1.006), low density lipoproteins (1.006<d<1.063), and high density lipoproteins (1.063<d<1.21), and the distribution of the major lipids between these lipoprotein fractions was investigated. Diet B increased considerably the proportion of triglyceride found in association with the very low density fraction and the concentrations of 18∶2 within all the lipoprotein fractions; these increases in the concentrations of 18∶2 were not confined to any particular lipid fraction of the lipoproteins. In contrast, the increases in the concentrations of 18∶2 produced as a result of feeding diet D were confined to the low and high density lipoproteins. The effect of feeding diet A was confined to fatty acid changes within the triglycerides of the low and very low density lipoproteins.     

Nonlinear mechanical response of high density polyethylene. Part I: Experimental investigation and model evaluation

The nonlinear behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) is investigated for samples cut from thick-walled HDPE pipe. Extensive experimental work has been performed to characterize the non-linear time-dependent response of the material tested under uniaxial compression. Tests were conducted under conditions of constant strain rate, creep, stress relaxation, constant loading rate, abrupt change of strain rate, creep-recovery, cyclic strain rate, and various combinations of these loading conditions. Creep and stress relaxation response after strain reversal and the effect of the transient response on the following stress-strain behavior is examined. Permanent strains for the test specimens and their dependence on loading histories are investigated. Specimens cut at various orientations from the pipe are used to quantify the small amounts of local anisotropy in the pipe specimen. The experimental work has been used to develop both nonlinear viscoelastic (NVE) and viscoplastic (VP) constitutive models in a companion paper. Both the test results and the corresponding model predictions are reported in this paper. It is found that the VP model reproduces the nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic behavior of HDPE very well provided that the current strain is not below the maximum strain imposed (there is no strain reversal). The NVE model predicts the material behavior reasonably well for some loading conditions, but inadequately for others.     

The structures of the principal glycerolipids of pig liver

The lipid composition of pig liver has been determined. The principal glycerolipids, i.e., triglycerides, phosphatdyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol, were isolated and the positional distribution of fatty acids in each determined by stereospecific analysis procedures. Previous results for the triglycerides were confirmed, while the phospholipids were similar in structure to those found in most other animal livers. The triglycerides were separated into simpler molecular species by combinations of silver nitrate thin layer chromatography and high temperature gas liquid chromatography, but the proportions found did not agree well with those calculated assuming a 1-random, 2-random, 3-random arrangement. The phospholipids were hydrolyzed with phospholipase C and converted to diglyceride acetates that were fractionated into simpler molecular species by the same procedures as were used with triglycerides. Highly specific fatty acid combinations were found in molecular species, and these specificities were very similar to those reported in similar lipids from the livers of such disparate species as the rat and chicken.     

An electron microscope study of the microstructure of some rubber-reinforced polystyrenes

Rubber-reinforced polystyrenes were prepared by graft copolymerization using various butadiene polymers and copolymers. Electron microscopy showed that variations in the pre-polymerization temperature, composition of the rubber, and molecular weight of the rubber influenced the size and structure of the dispersed rubber particles. Microstructures and impact strengths comparable to those of commercial materials were obtained from a limited range of conditions. Solution styrene-butadiene copolymers and a polybutadiene of low molecular weight gave unusual microstructures although polystyrenes of inferior impact strength were obtained. A particle size of 2 μm or greater was required to obtain reasonable improvements in impact strength. The particle size increased with an increase in the initial viscosity of the rubber in styrene solution provided that rubber type and concentration, and pre-polymerization temperature were constant. The effects of these three variables on particle size could not be related to viscosity changes.