Accumulation of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with variably sized polyethylene glycol in murine tumors

Iron oxide nanoparticles have found widespread applications in different areas including cell separation, drug delivery and as contrast agents. Due to water insolubility and stability issues, nanoparticles utilized for biological applications require coatings such as the commonly employed polyethylene glycol (PEG). Despite its frequent use, the influence of PEG coatings on the physicochemical and biological properties of iron nanoparticles has hitherto not been studied in detail. To address this, we studied the effect of 333-20,000 Da PEG coatings that resulted in larger hydrodynamic size, lower surface charge, longer circulation half-life, and lower uptake in macrophage cells when the particles were coated with high molecular weight (M(w)) PEG molecules. By use of magnetic resonance imaging, we show coating-dependent in vivo uptake in murine tumors with an optimal coating M(w) of 10,000 Da.     

The effect of gelation on statically and dynamically freeze-cast structures

Freeze-casting is a technique used to produce structures with anisotropic porosity in the form of well-defined microchannels throughout a sample. Here, this technique is used on the magnetocaloric ceramic La_0.66Ca_0.26Sr_0.07 Mn_1.05O₃. We show that a dynamic freezing profile, where the temperature is decreased continuously at −10 K/min, results in homogeneous, lamellar channels with widths of ∼15 µm, while static freezing, where the temperature is kept constant at 177 K, results in channels of increasing size away from the initial ice crystal nucleation site. The effect of gelation before freeze-casting is also investigated. Gelation inhibits ice crystal growth, which significantly changes the morphology by making channel cross sections less elongated, while additionally introducing more dendrites and ceramic bridges in the structure. The latter significantly dominates the flow path through the gelated structures, affecting the calculated tortuosity, which increases to τ ≈ 4 when compared to non-gelated samples where calculated tortuosities are in the range of ∼1.3 to ∼3. Finally, we present a systematic and automatic approach for evaluating channel and wall sizes and calculating tortuosities. This is based on analysis of images obtained by scanning electron microscopy using a continuous particle size distribution method and the TauFactor application in MATLAB^®.     

Plasma desorption mass spectrometry, an analytical tool in protein engineering: characterization of modified insulins

Californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) hasbeen employed for the characterization of a series of humaninsulin derivatives in order to evaluate the performance ofthis technique as an analytical tool in protein engineering.Several of the characterized modifications result in a 1 a.m.u.mass change. The precision in mass determination obtainableby PDMS analysis is not sufficient for unambiguous verificationof such modifications based on the molecular weight alone. Itis, however, possible to carry out in situ enzymatic digestionof the sample. Subsequent PDMS analysis will in most cases revealif the modification has been introduced as intended.     

4,4‐Dimethyl‐ and Diastereomeric 4‐Hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐ (2S)‐Glutamate Analogues Display Distinct Pharmacological Profiles at Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors and Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters

Subtype‐selective ligands are of great interest to the scientific community, as they provide a tool for investigating the function of one receptor or transporter subtype when functioning in its native environment. Several 4‐substituted (S)‐glutamate (Glu) analogues were synthesized, and altogether this approach has provided important insight into the structure–activity relationships (SAR) for ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs and mGluRs), as well as the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). In this work, three 4,4‐disubstituted Glu analogues 1 – 3 , which are hybrid structures of important 4‐substituted Glu analogues 4 – 8 , were investigated at iGluRs and EAATs. Collectively, their pharmacological profiles add new and valuable information to the SAR for the iGluRs and EAAT1–3.     

Effects of cropping history and phosphorus source on yield and nitrogen fixation in sole and intercropped cowpea–maize systems

Symbiotic N₂-fixation, N uptake efficiency, biomass- and crop production of cowpea and maize as affected by P source, sole- and intercropped, and introduction of break crops were studied on a farmer’s fields in semi-arid Tanzania. Cowpea fixed around 60% of its N from the atmosphere amounting to 70 kg N ha⁻¹ under sole and 36 kg N ha⁻¹ under intercropping as estimated by the ¹⁵N isotope dilution method around peak biomass production. The amount of N₂-fixed was 30–40% higher when P was applied as either TSP or MRP whereas cowpea yield were unaffected. Intercropped maize with 19,000 plant ha⁻¹ accumulated the same amount of N as 38,000 sole cropped maize plants although intercropping reduced the dry matter accumulation by 25%. The N uptake efficiency of the applied ¹⁵N labelled fertiliser was 26%, which equal a total pool of early available plant N of 158 kg N ha⁻¹. Under the N deficient conditions, P application did not increase the grain yield of maize. The LER indicate that sole cropping required 18% more area than intercropping in order to produce the same grain yield, and 35% more land when LER was based on N uptakes. Introduction of break crops in the maize systems, more than doubled accumulation of dry matter and N in the grain compared to continuous maize cropping. During maturation sole crop cowpea shedded leaves containing 41 kg N ha⁻¹. The current findings underline the importance of crop diversity in Sub Saharan Africa agriculture and emphasise the need for including all residues, including shedded leaves, in nutrient balance studies.     

EFFECTS OF SPECIFIED BLANK SIZE ON BODY WRINKLING DURING HYDRODYNAMIC DEEP DRAWING OF TAPERED RECTANGULAR BOX

1.~nonHydridapawhcdeepdrawing(HDD)belongstothefieldofsheetmetalfoeingandcanbeaPPliedinthefieldofautomotive,aerospace,drilitaryindustryetc.Ithasbeenrecognizedwidelyintheworld["'j.Fig.Ishowsitsprinciple:TheliqUidthatisfilledinthe~ngdiecavitywillbepressedwhenthepunchgoesdownsothattheeffectoffrictionkeepingandoverflowlubricatingcanbeformed,astherestilt,thefoeinglicitofsheetmetalwillbeimprovedareailvandthegualitVofthefinishedpartswillbeup~ed.BecauseofmanyadvantagesofHDDprocees,ithasbeenwidelys…     

Absorption in rats of rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oils before and following moderate heating

Rapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oil were heated for 15 min in a 5-mm oil layer in a pan at 180°C. The fatty acid composition was almost unaffected by heating, while the polymer content rose slightly and the tocopherol content decreased, except in soybean oil. The absorption of oils before and after heating was investigated in lymph-cannulated rats. Oils were administered as emulsions through a gastrostomy tube and lymph was collected during the next 24 h. The highest accumulated lymphatic transport of total fatty acids was observed after administration of rapeseed oil, and the lowest after heated sunflower oil. The accumulated transport was similar for all unheated oils. The transport of fatty acids was significantly lower in rats receiving heated oil compared to those receiving the corresponding unheated oil. Small increases in polymers may have contributed to the decreased lymphatic transport of oil following heating, although this probably does not fully explain the effect. The absorption of sunflower oil was more affected by heating than the absorption of soybean or rapeseed oil. Furthermore, the largest decrease in total activity of tocopherols following heating was observed in sunflower oil. Overall, these results demonstrate that the absorption of vegetable oils is affected by moderate heating.     

Gravitational drainage of compressible organic materials

A model was developed to simulate drainage of compressible particle suspensions, and study how cake compression and volumetric load influence the process. The input parameters were settling velocity, cake resistance and compressibility. These parameters were found using a new experimental method. Dextran‐MnO₂ particle suspensions were drained as these resemble organic waste slurries with respect to settling and compressibility. It was demonstrated that cake compressibility must be taken into account to obtain adequate simulations. This implies that pressurized filtration resistances cannot be used for drainage simulations. In the filtration step, a distinct increase of dry matter from top to bottom of the cake was observed. During the subsequent consolidation, the cake compressed and a uniform dry matter profile was found. The final dry matter content of the cake increased with feed concentration and volumetric load. The drainage time increased proportionally with feed concentration and, more importantly, proportionally with squared volumetric load. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010