Temperature-controlled and constant-power radio-frequency ablation: what affects lesion growth?

Radio-frequency (RF) catheter ablation is the primary interventional therapy for the treatment of many cardiac tachyarrhythmias. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of constant-power (CPRFA) and temperature-controlled RF ablation (TCRFA) of the endocardium is performed. The objectives are to study: 1) the lesion growth with time and 2) the effect of ground electrode location on lesion dimensions and ablation efficiency. The results indicate that: a) for TCRFA: i) lesion growth was fastest during the first 20 s, subsequently the lesion growth slowed reaching a steady state after 100 s, ii) positioning the ground electrode directly opposite the catheter tip (optimal) produced a larger lesion, and iii) a constant tip temperature maintained a constant maximum tissue temperature; b) for CPRFA: i) the lesion growth was fastest during the first 20 s and then the lesion growth slowed; however, the lesion size did not reach steady state even after 600 s suggesting that longer durations of energy delivery may result in wider and deeper lesions, ii) the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity of the tissue is responsible for this continuous lesion growth, and iii) an optimal ground electrode location resulted in a slightly larger lesion and higher ablation efficiency.     

Defect Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells by Cyano‐Based π‐Conjugated Molecules for Improved Performance and Stability

Defects at the surface and grain boundaries of metal–halide perovskite films lead to performance losses of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, organic cyano‐based π‐conjugated molecules composed of indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (IDTT) are reported and it is found that their cyano group can effectively passivate such defects. To achieve a homogeneous distribution, these molecules are dissolved in the antisolvent, used to initiate the perovskite crystallization. It is found that these molecules are self‐anchored at the grain boundaries due to their strong binding to undercoordinated Pb²⁺. On a device level, this passivation scheme enhances the charge separation and transport at the grain boundaries due to the well‐matched energetic levels between the passivant and the perovskite. Consequently, these benefits contribute directly to the achievement of power conversion efficiencies as high as 21.2%, as well as the improved environmental and thermal stability of the PSCs. The surface treatment provides a new strategy to simultaneously passivate defects and enhance charge extraction/transport at the device interface by manipulating the anchoring groups of the molecules.     

A low-cost test solution for wireless phone RFICs

This article describes an IBM approach for testing high-volume, complex RFICs at a fraction of the cost of the integrated circuit. This approach uses a personal computer, a fast benchtop dc parametric analyzer, and RF-to-analog circuits to test an RFIC during the manufacturing process. The described system and methodology are specifically designed for high-volume test, where test cost is extremely important; they are not recommended for lower-volume products (less than 1 million per month). This article describes the system architecture and discusses design, maintenance, and implementation considerations. The system is designed to reduce the cost of a complex RFIC manufacturing test to equal that of a discrete component, such as a resistor or capacitor. Given the relatively easy implementation and the drastic cost reduction associated with the test solution, this architecture establishes a new standard for the future of RF test. In fact, this architecture may result in the fastest RF tester currently available.     

Photo-carrier generation as the origin of Fowler-Nordheim-inducedsubstrate hole current in thin oxides

The widely accepted anode-hole injection model assumes that the breakdown of oxide films during electrical stress is due to backflow of holes created in the anode by hot electrons. This explanation has been supported by the observation of a substrate hole current during Fowler-Nordheim (FN) substrate electron injection in n-type MOSFETs gate. In this paper, we reexamine the origin of the FN-induced substrate hole current. Based on direct experiments performed on nMOSFETs, we concluded that not the anode hole injection, but the generation of electron-hole pairs in the substrate by FN-induced photons in the gate, is the dominant source of the substrate hole current. Consequently, the generally accepted explanation of oxide degradation based on the anode hole injection model might therefore have to be revised     

Locating a catheter transducer in a three-dimensional ultrasoundimaging field

Cardiac procedures rely on fluoroscopy for catheter guidance and visualization. However, fluoroscopy provides poor contrast of myocardial structures and exposes both the patient and health care providers to ionizing radiation. As an alternative to fluoroscopy, real-time three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound imaging has the potential to provide a safe means for tracking catheter position in 3-D while simultaneously imaging the heart's anatomy. A method is described for locating a catheter-mounted transducer in the 3-D ultrasound imaging field. The distance from the imaging transducer to the catheter transducer is measured by time of flight, while the angular position is determined by a spatial crosscorrelation of the received signals with stored receive profiles. Results from simulations with 20-dB SNR demonstrated a mean accuracy of 0.22 +/- 0.13 mm at a 70-mm range. In vitro testing showed a resolution of 0.23 +/- 0.11 mm at a range of 75 mm and a resolution of 0.47 +/- 0.47 mm at a range of 97 mm. With combined catheter position and imaging, this tracking method has the potential to replace fluoroscopy and enhance interventional procedures.     

Redundancy Removal during High-Level Synthesis Using Scheduling Don‘t-Cares

Previous work in automata theory has shown how to eliminate sequential redundancy from networks of FSMs by finding sequences of inputs and outputs which are never communicated between components of the network. This paper shows that behavior automata—finite-state machines whose inputs and outputs are incompletely scheduled—exhibit similar properties. Using the behavior FSM (BFSM) as a model for scheduling, we show how to identify and eliminate both input and output scheduling dont-cares. When a scheduling dont-care is eliminated from a network of BFSMs, the register-transfer implementation is guaranteed not to suffer from the corresponding dont-care sequence. A definition of scheduling dont-cares improves our understanding of the foundations of high-level synthesis and the relationship between high-level and sequential optimization. In practice, scheduling dont-care elimination is a powerful tool for eliminating redundancy early in the design process.     

GII public policy issues

National information infrastructure (NII) public policy issues apply to the development of the global information infrastructure (GII) as well. Individual privacy rights; prevention of malicious behavior by irresponsible individuals; protecting the interests of computer system owners, operators, users, and the general public from computer crime; excluding unauthorized access; and preventing destruction of national computer systems (e.g.. interbank transaction systems) are issues that can be endemic to GII operations. More recent issues, such as the need for high-definition television standards, expand the global challenges. Hence, the body of work performed by the Committee on Communications and Information Policy (CCIP) for the IEEE-USA. Which focused on public policy issues of the NII, can serve as a set of lessons learned that should be considered by the GII community. The article identifies the NII issues and concerns to the CCIP, outlines the recommendations already made, and indicates how they relate to the GII     

Biosynthesis of phytochelatins in the fission yeast. Phytochelatin synthesis: a second role for the glutathione synthetase gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

By complementation screening of a cadmium-sensitive Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant deficient in phytochelatin synthesis, but with 44% of the wild-type glutathione content, we cloned a DNA fragment involved in phytochelatin synthesis. Sequence analysis revealed that it encodes the second enzyme involved in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis, glutathione synthetase (GSH2) (E.C.6.3.2.3, Wang and Oliver, 1997). The mutant allele shows a single base-pair exchange at the 3' end of the reading frame leading to a single amino acid change from glycine to aspartate. This mutation leads to a significant reduction of phytochelatin synthesis, whereas glutathione synthesis is impaired to a far lesser extent. Complementation with the Arabidopsis thaliana GSH2 cDNA led to a partial restoration of phytochelatin synthesis. These data strongly suggest that the GSH2 gene encodes a bifunctional enzyme that is able to catalyse both the synthesis of GSH by adding glycine to the dipeptide (gammaGlu-Cys) and the synthesis of phytochelatins. The sequence has been submitted to EMBL, Accession No. Y08414.     

Quantitation of the human basal ganglia with positron emission tomography: a phantom study of the effect of contrast and axial positioning

The accurate measurement of the concentration of a radioisotope in small structures with positron emission tomography (PET) requires a correction for quantitation loss due to the partial volume effect and the effect of scattered radiation. To evaluate errors associated with measures in the human basal ganglia (BG), a unilateral model of the BG has been inserted in a 20-cm cylinder. The recovery coefficient (RC=measured activity/true activity) for the BG phantom has been measured on a CTI tomograph with different background concentrations (contrast) and at different axial locations in the gantry. The BG was visualized on four or five slices, depending on its position in the gantry and on the contrast used. The RC was 0.75 with no background (contrast equal to 1.0). Increasing the relative radioactivity concentration in the background increased the RC from 0.75 to 2.00 when the contrast was -0.7 (BG相似文献   

Performance evaluation of DCCP: A focus on smoothness and TCP-friendliness

Recent years have seen dramatic increases of the use of multimedia applications on the Internet, which typically either lack congestion control or use proprietary congestion control mechanisms. This can easily cause congestion collapse or compatibility problems. Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (Dccp) fills the gap betweenUdp andTcp, featuring congestion control rather than reliability for packet-switched rich content delivery with high degree of flexibility. We present aDccp model designed and implemented withOpnet Modeler, and the experiments and evaluation focused on largely the smoothness of the data rates, and the fairness between concurrentDccp flows andTcp flows. We foundDccp-ccid3 demonstrates stable data rates under different scenarios, and the fairness betweenDccp andTcp is only achieved under certain conditions. We also validated that the throughput ofDccp-Ccid3 is proportional to the average packet size, and relatively fixed packet size is critical for the optimal operation ofDccp. Problems in the slow start phase and insufficient receiver buffer size were identified and we hereby proposed solutions on this.