Quinine and quinidine are reported to potentiate the behavioural effects of serotonergic agents and monoamine uptake inhibitors. We have therefore investigated the presynaptic actions of quinine and quinidine on monoamine uptake and release in rat brain tissue in vitro. Quinidine evoked the release of [3H]5-HT, [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]dopamine from pre-loaded rat brain slices in a concentration dependent manner with EC50 values of 175, 486 and 150 microM, respectively. Quinine induced [3H]monoamine release with similar potencies. Both quinine and quinidine also inhibited the active uptake of [3H]5-HT, [3H]noradrenaline and [3H]dopamine into rat brain synaptosomes with IC50 values in the range 0.13-12.4 microM. The potency of each drug to inhibit [3H]5-HT uptake was significantly higher than that for [3H]noradrenaline or [3H]dopamine. The relative potency of quinidine compared to quinine was more marked in the case of [3H]5-HT (58-fold) than for [3H]noradrenaline (3-fold) or [3H]dopamine (4-fold). The inhibition of [3H]5-HT uptake by quinine and quinidine was competitive in nature and corresponded with the potencies of these drugs to inhibit [3H]paroxetine binding. No correlation was observed between the potencies of quinine and quinidine to induce the release of [3H]monoamines and to inhibit their uptake, suggesting that these effects are mediated by two distinct mechanisms. We conclude that the presynaptic actions of quinine and quinidine on monoamine uptake and release may be implicated in their potentiation of the effects of serotonergic agents and uptake blockers. 相似文献
The FUNGITEST method (Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur, Paris, France) is a microplate-based procedure for the breakpoint testing of six antifungal agents (amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, and miconazole). We compared the FUNGITEST method with a broth microdilution test, performed according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards document M27-A guidelines, for determining the in vitro susceptibilities of 180 isolates of Candida spp. (50 C. albicans, 50 C. glabrata, 10 C. kefyr, 20 C. krusei, 10 C. lusitaniae, 20 C. parapsilosis, and 20 C. tropicalis isolates) and 20 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. Overall, there was 100% agreement between the methods for amphotericin B, 95% agreement for flucytosine, 84% agreement for miconazole, 83% agreement for itraconazole, 77% agreement for ketoconazole, and 76% agreement for fluconazole. The overall agreement between the methods exceeded 80% for all species tested with the exception of C. glabrata (71% agreement). The poorest agreement between the results for individual agents was seen with C. glabrata (38% for fluconazole, 44% for ketoconazole, and 56% for itraconazole) and C. tropicalis (50% for miconazole). The FUNGITEST method misclassified as susceptible 2 of 12 (16.6%) fluconazole-resistant isolates, 2 of 10 (20%) itraconazole-resistant isolates, and 4 of 8 (50%) ketoconazole-resistant isolates of several Candida spp. Further development of the FUNGITEST procedure will be required before it can be recommended as an alternative method for the susceptibility testing of Candida spp. or C. neoformans. 相似文献
The degradation of herbicides 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in aqueous medium of pH 3.0 has been comparatively studied by anodic oxidation and electro-Fenton using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. All solutions are totally mineralized by electro-Fenton, even at low current, being the process more efficient with 1 mM Fe2+ as catalyst. This is due to the production of large amounts of oxidant hydroxyl radical (OH) on the BDD surface by water oxidation and from Fenton’s reaction between added Fe2+ and H2O2 electrogenerated at the O2-diffusion cathode. The herbicide solutions are also completely depolluted by anodic oxidation. Although a quicker degradation is found at the first stages of electro-Fenton, similar times are required for achieving overall mineralization in both methods. The decay kinetics of all herbicides always follows a pseudo first-order reaction. Reversed-phase chromatography allows detecting 4-chlorophenol, 4-chloro-o-cresol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol as primary aromatic intermediates of 4-CPA, MCPA, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, respectively. Dechlorination of these products gives Cl−, which is slowly oxidized on BDD. Ion-exclusion chromatography reveals the presence of persistent oxalic acid in electro-Fenton by formation of Fe3+-oxalato complexes, which are slowly destroyed by OH adsorbed on BDD. In anodic oxidation, oxalic acid is mineralized practically at the same rate as generated. 相似文献
The effect of the addition of Cr and Nb on the microstructure and the electrochemical corrosion of the weldable, high-strength and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistant Al-5%Zn–1.67%Mg–0.23%Cu alloy (H) has been studied. Combined additions of the alloying elements, J (with Nb), L (with Cr) and O (with Cr and Nb) and different heat treatments, ST (cold-rolled), A (annealed), F (quenched), B (quenched and aged) and C (quenched in two steps and aged), to obtain different microstructures and hardness have been performed. To correlate the electrochemical corrosion with the microstructure of the specimens, corrosion potential (Ecor) measurements in different chloride solutions were performed and optical microscopy, SEM, TEM and EDX were applied. In chloride solutions containing dissolved O2 or H2O2, the present alloys were polarized up to the pitting attack. It was shown that theEcor measurements were very sensitive to the alloy composition and heat treatment, increasing in the order H < J < L < O < Al (for a given heat treatment) and F < A ST < B < C (for a given alloy). The MgZn2 precipitates of the annealed (A) and cold-rolled (ST) specimens were dissolved in chloride solutions containing oxidizing agents and pitting attack was shown to develop in the cavities where the precipitates were present. In the specimens B and C, the compositions of the precipitate free zones was found to be equal to that of the matrix solid solution and preferential intergranular attack was not evident, this being in agreement with their SCC resistance. The addition of Cr and Nb increased the pitting corrosion resistance. The effects of Cr and Nb were additive, that of Cr being predominant, either, in theEcor shift or in the increase in the pitting corrosion resistance. 相似文献
This paper describes the generation of temporally anchored infobox attribute data from the Wikipedia history of revisions. By mining (attribute, value) pairs from the revision history of the English Wikipedia we are able to collect a comprehensive knowledge base that contains data on how attributes change over time. When dealing with the Wikipedia edit history, vandalic and erroneous edits are a concern for data quality. We present a study of vandalism identification in Wikipedia edits that uses only features from the infoboxes, and show that we can obtain, on this dataset, an accuracy comparable to a state-of-the-art vandalism identification method that is based on the whole article. Finally, we discuss different characteristics of the extracted dataset, which we make available for further study. 相似文献
Meat quality is one of the principal problems in Spanish dry cured ham productuon. At the experimental level, there are well developed objective instrumental measurements which can be made on the slaughterline and then, by applying the correct statistical treatment, these measurements can be used to classify hams with an acceptable degree of accuracy. These treatments, however, are not easy to apply in the industry.
In this work, 312 pork carcasses were tested at three industrial abbatoirs. Ham meat quality was determined by internal light scattering (FOP), electrical conductivity (EC) and pH measurements in Semimembranosus (SM) muscle at 45 min and 24 h post mortem. The results obtained were: 21 (6.7%) DFD; 168 (53.9%) slightly DFD; 104 (33.3%) normal; 11 (3.5%) slightly PSE; and 8 (2.6%) PSE.
A simplified method has been developed for classifying hams into quality categories, by deriving a theoretical quality value (Q) based on a simple statistical treatment of values for FOP, EC and pH. The multiple linear regression coefficient of Q was R2 = 0.85 (P<0.001) with respect to the experimental variables. 相似文献
This article describes the theoretical underpinnings that preceded the design of a new neonatal pulse oximeter alarm that differentiates true from false alarms based on an artificial intelligence theory called "fuzzy logic." The connection between the intuition and sense of advocacy gained through neonatal primary nursing and the application of fuzzy logic to solve the problem of false alarms--that is, the symbiosis between nurse and machine--are explained. Emphasis is placed throughout on the importance of involving nurses in the development of the technology for which they are responsible. 相似文献
AIM: To investigate which of the routinely collected claims data from the German "Legal sickness funds" on hospital utilisation may be used, in addition to that prescribed by the legislator. DESIGN: We used claims data to study a cohort of sickness fund beneficiaries who were insured during the complete year 1992 (n = 81,309). Six utilisation parameters, using the number of cases and in hospital days overall as well as diseases specific (i.e. readmission rates, in-hospital days per person with [at least] one hospital stay) were calculated. RESULTS: There are 88 persons with (at least) one hospital stay, 116 hospital cases and a total of 1306 in-hospital days per 1000 insured persons in the study cohort. The average hospital days per person (14.8 days) are ca. 30% higher than the average length of stay (11.2 days). Hospital utilisation increases with age. Hospital stays associated with ICD-239 (neoplasms of unknown origin) resulted in a higher than average number of hospital days in total although the mean length of stay is not above the average. This is due to a high readmission rate. Hospital stays associated with elective surgical procedures have a high prevalence rate but a low readmission ratio and short length of stay. CONCLUSION: The parameters related to insured persons, cases and specifically personal parameters of hospital utilisation allow a detailed analysis of hospital care; different utilisation and user patterns can be investigated and possible determinants of utilisation can be identified. After technical transformation, routine data of the sickness funds can be used to obtain information relevant for health care planners as well as for quality management. 相似文献
BACKGROUND: Optimal criteria for valve replacement are unclear in asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) and normal left ventricular (LV) performance at rest. Moreover, previous studies have not assessed the prognostic capacity of load-adjusted LV performance ("contractility") variables, which may be fundamentally related to clinical state. Therefore, 18 years ago, we set out to test prospectively the hypothesis that objective noninvasive measures of LV size and performance and, specifically, of load-adjusted variables, assessed at rest and during exercise (ex), could predict the development of currently accepted indications for operation for AR. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clinical variables and measures of LV size, performance, and end-systolic wall stress (ESS) were assessed annually in 104 patients by radionuclide cineangiography at rest and maximal ex and by echocardiography at rest; ESS was derived during ex. During an average 7.3-year follow-up among patients who had not been operated on, 39 of 104 patients either died suddenly (n = 4) or developed operable symptoms only (n = 22) or subnormal LV performance with or without symptoms (n = 13) (progression rate=6.2%/y). By multivariate Cox model analysis, change (delta) in LV ejection fraction (EF) from rest to ex, normalized for deltaESS from rest to ex (deltaLVEF-deltaESS index), was the strongest predictor of progression to any end point or to sudden cardiac death alone. Unadjusted deltaLVEF was almost as efficient. Symptom status modified prediction on the basis of the deltaLVEF-deltaESS index. The population tercile at highest risk by deltaLVEF-deltaESS progressed to end points at a rate of 13.3%/y, and the lowest-risk tercile progressed at 1.8%/y. CONCLUSIONS: Currently accepted symptom and LV performance indications for valve replacement, as well as sudden cardiac death, can be predicted in asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patients with AR by load-adjusted deltaLVEF-deltaESS index, which includes data obtained during exercise. 相似文献