Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review.

Self-disclosure plays a central role in the development and maintenance of relationships. One way that researchers have explored these processes is by studying the links between self-disclosure and liking. Using meta-analytic procedures, the present work sought to clarify and review this literature by evaluating the evidence for 3 distinct disclosure-liking effects. Significant disclosure-liking relations were found for each effect: (1) People who engage in intimate disclosures tend to be liked more than people who disclose at lower levels, (2) people disclose more to those whom they initially like, and (3) people like others as a result of having disclosed to them. In addition, the relation between disclosure and liking was moderated by a number of variables, including study paradigm, type of disclosure, and gender of the discloser. Taken together, these results suggest that various disclosure-liking effects can be integrated and viewed as operating together within a dynamic interpersonal system. Implications for theory development are discussed, and avenues for future research are suggested. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis: a life table review of 587 patients treated in community practice

To determine whether methotrexate (MTX) maintains its effectiveness in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the setting of community based private rheumatology practice we used life table analysis to review the combined experience of a group of these practices. Of 587 patients with RA who started to take MTX, total termination rate at 70 months was 24.4% with most terminations prompted by drug toxicity. Older age (greater than 65 years) was associated with higher rates of toxicity. Treatment termination rates varied substantially between rheumatologists. We conclude that MTX therapy for RA is well tolerated and maintains effectiveness for at least 70 months.     

Networks in workers' compensation medical delivery

Medical networks offer discounted fees, control of the workers' compensation case, quality monitoring, and managed care services. As channeling of workers' compensation cases to networks increases, credentialed physicians will benefit.     

The framing of relative performance feedback: Seeing the glass as half empty or half full.

It was proposed that individuals' responses to information regarding their relative position in a performance distribution would depend on how they frame the information. To the degree that they focus selectively on the positive features of the feedback (i.e., the number of others who performed worse than them) rather than the negative features (i.e., the number of others who performed better than them) they should report higher ability levels and more positive affective reactions. In Study I, Ss received feedback indicating that they occupied a particular percentile standing in either a large or small distribution. Individuals with negative orientations (depressives and pessimists) reported lower ability levels as a function of increases in comparison group size, whereas individuals with positive orientations (nondepressives and optimists) reported higher ability levels. Presumably, these effects occurred because negatively oriented persons focused on the negative features of the feedback and positively oriented persons focused on the positive features of the feedback. The results of Study 2 support this explanation. Implications for the social comparison literature are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessment of the Rescorla-Wagner model.

The Rescorla-Wagner model has been the most influential theory of associative learning to emerge from the study of animal behavior over the last 25 years. Recently, equivalence to this model has become a benchmark in assessing connectionist models, with such equivalence often achieved by incorporating the Widrow-Hoff delta rule. This article presents the Rescorla-Wagner model's basic assumptions, reviews some of the model's predictive successes and failures, relates the failures to the model's assumptions, and discusses the model's heuristic value. It is concluded that the model has had a positive influence on the study of simple associative learning by stimulating research and contributing to new model development. However, this benefit should neither lead to the model being regarded as inherently "correct" nor imply that its predictions can be profitably used to assess other models. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitudes and beliefs of Canadian infection control decision-makers towards 'borderline' methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

'Borderline' methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are inhibited by drug concentrations of 2 to 8 micrograms/mL. This type of resistance is usually mediated by 'hyper beta-lactamase' production which is detectable in vitro by susceptibility to combinations of a beta-lactam and a beta-lactamase inhibitor (ie, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid). A survey of Canadian infection control experts was performed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding the containment requirements for borderline MRSA strains in acute health care facilities. Twenty-three of 38 Canadian infection control experts (61%) (members of the Canadian Hospital Epidemiology Committee [CHEC] or the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of American [SHEA]) returned a questionnaire about a fictional patient with a postoperative wound infection with such a strain. Eleven respondents (48%) considered the isolate as an MRSA, 11 did not and one was unsure. All who did not believe the strain to be MRSA would not have isolated or cohorted the patient. Four in the latter group would have isolated the patient if he or she were on a neurosurgery or cardiovascular surgery unit, indicating a desire to restrict spread of this isolate on those units. Seven of the 12 individuals who had managed at least one patient with a borderline MRSA did not advocate patient isolation or cohorting, and five did. This survey has supported the belief that there are discrepancies among infection control decision-makers in Canada regarding the approach, precautions and therapy of patients infected with borderline strains of MRSA. Further data on virulence of and effective therapy for these isolates are needed to assess whether the additional cost is warranted in controlling the nosocomial spread of these isolates.     

Diffusion induced grain boundary migration and recrystallization during oxidation of a Ni- 48.5 Pet Cu alloy

Diffusion induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) was observed to occur in a Ni-48.5 wt pct Cu alloy during oxidation at 450 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, and 707 °C in air. The DIGM zones are Cu enriched. A Ni depleted zone, consisting of small recrystallized grains, formed in the matrix beneath the metal-oxide interface during oxidation at 600 °C and 707 °C. This process is referred to as oxidation-induced recrystallization (OIR). Growth of the small OIR grains was observed to be associated with Cu-rich DIGM. No Cu-rich DIGM was found in the same alloy when annealed in Ar at 707 °C. Oxidation of this alloy in air resulted in the formation of a duplex oxide: an inner NiO layer and an outer CuO layer. The NiO layer was observed to grow at a faster rate than the CuO layer. The occurrence of Cu-rich DIGM is interpreted in terms of this preferential oxidation of Ni.