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991.
Leaching of natural bornite in a sulfuric acid solution with oxygen as oxidant was investigated using the parameters: temperature, particle size, initial concentration of ferrous, ferric and cupric ions, and using microscopic, X-ray and electronprobe microanalysis to characterize the reaction products. Additionally, stirring rate, pH and PO2 were varied. Dissolution curves for percent copper extracted as a function of time were sigmoidal in shape with three distinct periods of reaction: induction, autocatalytic and post-autocatalytic which levelled off at 28% dissolution of copper. The length of the induction period was not reproducible, causing the dissolution curves to be shifted with respect to time. The dissolution curves in the autocatalytic and post-autocatalytic regions were reproducible, and this property was utilized to treat much of the kinetic data. The iron dissolution curves had four dissolution regions. An initial small but rapid release of iron to solution preceded the three periods just given for copper dissolution. Aside from this initial iron release, the iron and copper dissolution curves were almost identical.Stirring rate had no effect on dissolution of copper above 400 min?1 nor did oxygen flow rate in the range 20–40 cm3/min. Dissolution rate was slightly dependent on oxygen partial pressure for PO2 < 0.67. Hydrogen ion concentration had no effect except that sufficient acid was required to prevent hydrolysis and precipitation of iron salts.The dissolution rate was directly dependent on the reciprocal of particle diameter indicating possible surface chemical reaction control, but the activation energy of 35.9 kJ/mol (8.58 kcal/mol) for the autocatalytic region of copper dissolution is slightly too small for that, though not unreasonable. Initial addition of Fe2+ had a rather complex effect and markedly enhanced dissolution of copper, as also did initial addition of Fe3+. Microscopic analysis showed nuclei of two new phases, covellite and Cu3FeS4, in the induction region. The new phases grow rapidly in the autocatalytic stage, which is controlled by nuclei formation and chemical reaction. The post-autocatalytic region is characterized by complete transformation of bornite into covellite on the particle surfaces and Cu3FeS4 as an internal product with an X-ray spectrum very similar to that of chalcopyrite. The post-autocatalytic region is controlled by autocatalytic growth of newly formed phases. Further reaction beyond the autocatalytic region (percent copper dissolution > 28%) occurs so slowly with oxygen as oxidant that it was not studied.The rate of copper dissolution appears to be controlled by the rate of iron dissolution. Using that and the other experimental evidence a mechanism for reaction is proposed in which iron-deficient bornite, Cu5Fe?S4, is formed on the surface by initial preferential iron dissolution. Labile Cu+ diffuses into this from Cu5Fe?SO4 and unreacted bornite to produce CuS on the surface. Depletion of labile Cu+ ions from Cu5FeS4 produces Cu3FeS4 in the interior of the mineral particles. 相似文献
992.
An experimental demonstration of a p-channel FET based on a heterostructure having vertically integrated p- and n-type quantum-well channels is discussed. The AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure consists of a quantum well with an underlying p-region positioned above a second quantum well with an underlying n-region. The p-FET is fabricated with self-aligned p+ regions formed by zinc diffusion. Electrical characteristics for 1.5-μm gate lengths are nearly ideal in appearance with a maximum I d of 90 mA/mm, a g m of 80 mS/mm, and a g m/g d ratio of 140 at 77 K. The results demonstrate the viability of such stratified structures for the development of complementary integrated circuits or other circuits requiring integration of multiple device types 相似文献
993.
The advent of the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) concept with respect to reactor operating personnel exposures, has placed an increasing emphasis on management to attain lower exposures at reactor facilities. The radiological environmental and personnel exposure aspects of the operation of Fort St. Vrain have been exceptional. Personnel exposures have consistently been over two orders of magnitude below the average US power LWR. Gaseous and liquid waste releases with the exception of tritium, have been lower than anticipated. There has yet to be a shipment of low level radioactive waste from the plant. Recent testing at 100% power indicated that shielding capabilities of the prestressed concrete reactor vessel are excellent. 相似文献
994.
995.
Furazolidone and carbadox, as feed additives, were only partially effective for the treatment of experimentally induced infections of Salmonella choleraesuis var kunzendorf in swine. There was little difference in mortality between the medicated exposed and the nonmedicated exposed swine, and medication did not markedly decrease rectal temperature. In experiment I, the mortality in groups fed furazolidone was lower than in those fed carbadox, but higher than in the nonmedicated exposed. In experiment II, there was little difference in mortality between the medicated and the nonmedicated exposed swine. In both experiments, however, exposed swine that survived had body weight gains significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in 3 of the 4 medicated exposed groups than in the nonmedicated groups. With the exception of the swine fed carbadox for 2 weeks, the feed and water consumption of the survivors in the medicated exposed groups during the recovery phase was higher (but not significantly (P greater than 0.05) higher) than that of the nonmedicated exposed groups. The problems with medicating in feed for treatment of S choleraesuis were that the infected swine frequently vomited the feed and became partially anorectic. 相似文献
996.
997.
998.
Groenewold GS Williams JM Appelhans AD Gresham GL Olson JE Jeffery MT Rowland B 《Environmental science & technology》2002,36(22):4790-4794
The nerve agent VX (O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate) is lethal at very low levels of exposure, which can occur by dermal contact with contaminated surfaces. Hence, behavior of VX in contact with common urban or industrial surfaces is a subject of acute interest. In the present study, VX was found to undergo complete degradation when in contact with concrete surfaces. The degradation was directly interrogated at submonolayer concentrations by periodically performing secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses after exposure of the concrete to VX. The abundance of the [VX + H]+ ion in the SIMS spectra was observed to decrease in an exponential fashion, consistent with first-order or pseudo-first-order behavior. This phenomenon enabled the rate constant to be determined at 0.005 min(-1) at 25 degrees C, which corresponds to a half-life of about 3 h on the concrete surface. The decrease in [VX + H]+ was accompanied by an increase in the abundance of the principal degradation product diisopropylaminoethanethiol (DESH), which arises by cleavage of the P-S bond. Degradation to form DESH is accompanied by the formation of ethyl methylphosphonic acid, which is observable only in the negative ion spectrum. A second degradation product was also implicated, which corresponded to a diisopropylvinylamine isomer (perhaps N,N-diisopropyl aziridinium) that arose via cleavage of the S-C bond. No evidence was observed for the formation of the toxic S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothioic acid. The degradation rate constants were measured at four different temperatures (24-50 degrees C), which resulted in a linear Arrhenius relationship and an activation energy of 52 kJ mol(-1). This value agrees with previous values observed for VX hydrolysis in alkaline solutions, which suggests that the degradation of submonolayer VX is dominated by alkaline hydrolysis within the adventitious water film on the concrete surface. 相似文献
999.
Selecting Landmarks for Localization in Natural Terrain 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clark F. Olson 《Autonomous Robots》2002,12(2):201-210
We describe techniques to optimally select landmarks for performing mobile robot localization by matching terrain maps. The method is based upon a maximum-likelihood robot localization algorithm that efficiently searches the space of possible robot positions. We use a sensor error model to estimate a probability distribution over the terrain expected to be seen from the current robot position. The estimated distribution is compared to a previously generated map of the terrain and the optimal landmark is selected by minimizing the predicted uncertainty in the localization. This approach has been applied to the generation of a sensor uncertainty field that can be used to plan a robot's movements. Experiments indicate that landmark selection improves not only the localization uncertainty, but also the likelihood of success. Examples of landmark selection are given using real and synthetic data. 相似文献
1000.
T Mattern G Girroleit HD Flad ET Rietschel AJ Ulmer 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1999,189(4):693-700
CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells, which circulate in peripheral blood with very low frequency, exert essential accessory function during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human T lymphocyte activation, resulting in interferon gamma production and proliferation. In contrast, stimulation of T cells by "conventional" recall antigens is not controlled by blood stem cells. These conclusions are based on the observation that depletion of CD34(+) blood stem cells results in a loss of LPS-induced T cell stimulation as well as reduced expression of CD80 antigen on monocytes. The addition of CD34-enriched blood stem cells resulted in a recovery of reactivity of T cells and monocytes to LPS. Blood stem cells could be replaced by the hematopoietic stem cell line KG-1a. These findings may be of relevance for high risk patients treated with stem cells or stem cell recruiting compounds and for patients suffering from endotoxin-mediated diseases. 相似文献