Evidence of debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in biota from a wastewater receiving stream

Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a high production volume flame retardant. To date, regulation and control of its environmental release have been minimal. Once in the environment, BDE-209 may encounter conditions favoring debromination, potentially forming congeners with greater toxicity, bioaccumulation potential, and persistence. However, (photolytic and in vivo) debromination has only been demonstrated under laboratory scenarios. To examine whether debromination was likely in the field, PBDE congener profiles were tracked from a wastewater treatment plant (sludge) to receiving stream sediments and associated aquatic biota. BDE-209 and 23 additional PBDEs were detected. Sludge congener profiles resembled the commercial penta- and deca- formulations, suggesting minimal -209 debromination during wastewater treatment. Similar profiles were observed in surficial sediments at the outfall and downstream. However, sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus), and crayfish (Cambarus puncticambarus sp. c) collected near the outfall contained tri- through deca-PBDEs, including congeners not detected in the commercial deca-mixture, sludges or sediments (BDE-179, -184, -188, -201, and -202). A previous in vivo laboratory study identified these as -209 debromination products. This supports the hypothesis that metabolic debromination of -209 does occur in the aquatic environment under realistic conditions. Hence assessments that assume no BDE-209 debromination may underestimate associated bioaccumulation and toxicity attributable to the less brominated congeners produced.     

Characterization of the Arcobacter contamination on Belgian pork carcasses and raw retail pork

In the present study, the occurrence of Arcobacter was assessed at four sites on 169 porcine carcasses (foreleg, chest, pelvis and ham) at different stages of slaughter and 47 pork products at retail. Carcass swab samples were enriched in Arcobacter broth containing 5-fluorouracil, amphotericine B, cefoperazone, novobiocine and trimethoprim as selective supplement. After microaerobic incubation, arcobacters were isolated using Arcobacter selective agar plates, containing the selective supplement described above. Some carcass samples and all pork samples were also examined quantitatively. All 862 isolates were identified by a species-specific m-PCR-assay and 182 isolates were further characterized by ERIC-PCR. Arcobacters were isolated from one or more sampling places on 96.4% of the carcasses, with the foreleg and the chest area as the two most contaminated sites. Furthermore, A. cryaerophilus was the most common species. Chilling decreased the number of positive carcasses, but did not eliminate all arcobacters. Direct isolation revealed that only a few carcasses were contaminated with arcobacters on foreleg and/or chest at levels higher than 10(2 )cfu/100 cm(2). Characterization demonstrated a large heterogeneity among the isolates, with ten genotypes present on more then one site per carcass. Fourteen genotypes were simultaneously present on carcasses from different herds slaughtered on the same day, which may indicate cross-contamination. Arcobacters were present in 21% of the pork samples taken at retail, but contamination levels did not exceed 100 cfu per gram. Characterization of the A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus isolates indicated an additional contamination during processing at retail.     

Application of proteomics to understand the molecular mechanisms behind meat quality

The proteome is expressed from the genome, influenced by environmental and processing conditions, and can be seen as the molecular link between the genome and the functional quality characteristics of the meat. In contrast to traditional biochemical methods where one protein is studied at a time, several hundred proteins can be studied simultaneously. Proteomics is a promising and powerful tool in meat science and this is reflected by the increasing number of studies emerging in the literature using proteomics as the key tool to unleash the molecular mechanisms behind different genetic backgrounds or processing techniques of meat. Thus understanding the variations and different components of the proteome with regard to a certain meat quality or process parameter will lead to knowledge that can be used in optimising the conversion of muscles to meat. At present, there has been focus on development of techniques and mapping of proteomes according to genotypes and muscle types. In the future, focus should be more towards understanding and finding markers for meat quality traits. This review will focus on the methods used in the published proteome analyses of meat, with emphasis on the challenges related to statistical analysis of proteome data, and on the different topics of meat science that are investigated.     

Sorption-desorption of ionogenic compounds at the mineral-water interface: study of metal oxide-rich soils and pure-phase minerals

Sorption of the ionic compounds 2,4-D and quinmerac onto iron oxide-rich, variable charged soils was strongly influenced by mineralogy, particularly soil iron and aluminum oxides, whereas sorption of the neutral norflurazon was only related to total soil C. An appreciable fraction of the mass sorbed in stirred-flow studies was easily desorbed by deionized water, and desorption of ionic compounds was initially more rapid than sorption. This sorption-desorption behavior, although contrary to desorption hysteresis commonly observed in batch studies, suggests that the reversibly sorbed fraction is weakly bound to the soil surface. 2,4-D sorption to iron oxide-rich soils and pure-phase metal oxides appears to be driven by nonspecific electrostatic attraction, with specific electrostatic attraction and van der Waals interactions being secondary. Both the carboxylate and the heterocyclic N groups may participate in sorption of quinmerac, facilitated by specific and nonspecific electrostatic attraction and surface complexation. The heterocyclic N, amine, and carbonyl groups of norflurazon do not appear to interact with soil minerals.     

Increasing access to smoking cessation treatment in a low-income, HIV-positive population: the feasibility of using cellular telephones.

This study examined the feasibility of using cellular telephones to improve access to smoking cessation counseling in a low-income, HIV-positive population. Two pilot studies were conducted: (a). A survey of interest and barriers in participating in a smoking cessation intervention (n=49) and (b). a cellular telephone smoking cessation intervention in which participants were provided with free cellular telephones and received six telephone counseling sessions over a 2-week period (n=20). A primary care clinic serving a multiethnic, medically indigent, HIV-positive population served as the setting. Demographics and smoking status were assessed by self-report and expired-air carbon monoxide testing. In study 1, participants reported multiple barriers to participating in a smoking cessation intervention, including transportation, transience, and telephone availability. However, they also reported a high level of interest in participating in a smoking cessation intervention, with the greatest interest in a cellular telephone intervention. In study 2, 19 of the 20 participants successfully completed 2 weeks of smoking cessation counseling with a 93% (106 of 114 calls) contact rate. A total of 19 participants made a quit attempt, and the 2-week end of treatment point-prevalence abstinence rate was 75%. The provision of cellular telephones allowed for the implementation of a proactive telephone smoking cessation intervention providing an underserved population with access to care. Cellular telephones also may provide unique benefits because of the intensity of counseling and support provided as well as the ability to provide counseling in real-world, real-time situations (in vivo counseling).     

Dietary intakes of some essential and non-essential trace elements, nitrate, nitrite and N-nitrosamines, by Dutch adults: estimated via a 24-hour duplicate portion study

Duplicate portions of 24-hour diets of 110 adults have been analyzed for aluminium, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, mercury, zinc, nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitrosamines. The mean daily intake of copper (1.2 mg) is only about 50% of recommended values; mean daily intakes for manganese (3.3 mg) and zinc (8.4 mg) are adequate and marginal respectively with respect to recommended amounts. For the non-essential elements Al, Cd, Hg and Pb, mean daily intakes of 3.1 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.002 mg and 0.034 mg were found, respectively. For Cd this amounts to 17% of the acceptable daily amount, for Al, Hg and Pb 5%, 5% and 8%, respectively. Since 1976-1978 the dietary intake of lead has been reduced by a factor three; for the other six elements daily dietary intakes are almost the same as in 1976-1978. Average nitrate intake was 52 mg NO3-/day, about 25% of the ADI. Only 16 diets contained a measurable amount of nitrite. The highest daily intake (0.7 mg NO2-) is less than 10% of the ADI. Volatile N-nitrosamines were detectable in two duplicate diets (NDMA and NPIP). It is estimated that the daily dietary intake of volatile N-nitrosamines is around 0.1 microgram or less.     

N-nitrosamines and residual nitrite in cured meats from the Dutch market

Summary A total of 140 samples of 16 kinds of cured meats were analyzed for contents of residual nitrite andN-nitrosamines. Nitrite was determined by reaction with sulfanilamide/naphthylethylenediamine and colorimetric measurement.N-nitrosamines were isolated from the samples by vacuum distillation and determined by gas-chromatography with chemiluminescence detection (GC-TEA). In six samples no nitrite was detectable (< 1 mg NaNO₂/kg), the remaining samples contained 1–140 mg NaNO₂/kg, median value 6.8 mg/kg. In 46 samples (33%) noN-nitrosamines were detected, i.e. less than 0.1–0.5 g/kg of the individual nitrosamines, depending upon their structure.N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) was the nitrosamine present most frequently, in 75 samples, contents were 0.1–0.9 g/kg, mean 0.3 g/kg. OtherN-nitrosamines found were:N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP), 10 times, 0.3-25 g/kg;N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), three times, 0.2–0.9 g/kg;N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), three times, 1.3–4.2 g/kg;N-nitrosomorpholine, once, 0.7 g/kg andN-nitrosothiazolidine (NTHZ), 36 times, 0.5–91 g/kg, mean 5.7 g/kg. NTHZ was found most often and with the highest contents in smoked products. Frying of bacon and cured, smoked pork bellies led to substantially increased levels of NPYR in both products, and for the pork bellies also of NTHZ. In five samples of cured, smoked pork bellies after frying NTHZ-contents of 3.6–490 g/kg (mean 179) were found. No correlation between residual nitrite levels andN-nitrosamine contents could be established. Investigations during the nineteen seventies gave much higher levels for NDMA, NDEA, NPIP and NPYR in Dutch cured meats than now found; at that time NTHZ was not measured.

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N-Nitrosamine und Restnitrit in holländischen Fleischerzeugnissen

Zusammenfassung Insgesamt wurden 140 Proben von 16 verschiedenen Fleischerzeugnissen auf ihren Gehalt an Restnitrit und flüchtigenN-Nitrosamine geprüft Nitrit wurde nach Reaktion mit Sulfanilamid/Naphthylethylendiamin colorimetrisch bestimmt.N-Nitrosamine wurden mittels Vakuumdestillation aus den Proben isoliert und mit Gaschromatographie-Chemiluminescenzdetektion (GC-TEA) gemessen. In 6 Proben war kein Nitrit nachweisbar (< 1 mg NaN0₂/kg), die Nitritgehalte der übrigen Proben lagen zwischen 1 und 140 mg NaNO₂/kg, Medianwert 6,8 mg/kg. In 46 Proben (33%) waren keineN-Nitrosamine nachweisbar d.h. weniger als 0,1–0,5 g/kg.N-Nitrosodimethylamin (NDMA) kam am häufigsten vor, in 75 Proben mit Gehalten von 0,1–0,9 g/kg, Mittelwert 0,3 g/kg. Von den sonstigen Nitrosaminen waren nachweisbar:N-Nitrosopiperidin (NPIP), 0,3–25 g/kg (zehnmal);N-Nitrosodiethylamin (NDEA), 0,2–91 g/kg (dreimal),N-Nitrosopyrrolidin (NPYR), 1,3–4,2 g/kg (dreimal),N-Nitrosomorpholin (NMOR), 0,7 g/kg (einmal) undN-Nitrosothiazolidin (NTHZ), 0,5–91 g/kg (36mal), Mittelwert 5,7 g/kg. NTHZ wurde am häufigsten und mit den höchsten Mengen in geräucherten Produkten gefunden. Braten von Bacon und Frühstückspeck erhöhte die Gehalte an NPYR erheblich in beiden Produkten und bei Frühstückspeck auch den Gehalt an NTHZ. In 5 Proben Frühstückspeck wurden nach dem Braten NTHZ-Gehalte von 3,6–490 g/kg (Mittelwert 179) gemessen. Es konnte keine Beziehung zwischen den Gehalten an Restnitrit undN-Nitrosaminen festgestellt werden. Untersuchungen in den siebziger Jahren ergaben viel höhere Gehalte an NDMA, NDEA, NPIP und NPYR in holländischen Fleischwaren als die jetzt gefundenen; auf NTHZ wurde damals nicht analysiert.

     

Determinants of serum polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels among pregnant women in the CHAMACOS cohort

We measured levels of 10 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in serum collected during pregnancy and at delivery from 416 pregnant, predominantly immigrant, women living in Monterey County, CA. The most frequently detected congeners were BDE-47, -99, -100, and -153, all components of the penta mixture, detected in >97% of samples. We used multivariable regression models to examine factors associated with exposure to individual PBDE congeners as well as their total summed concentration (ng/g lipid). Prenatal and delivery total PBDE levels were correlated between sampling times (n = 21; Pearson r = 0.99, p < 0.001). In multivariable models, total PBDE levels increased significantly with time residing in the U.S. (p < 0.001) and among women with ≥3 pieces of stuffed furniture in their homes (p < 0.05). Women's total PBDE levels increased 4.0% (95% CI = 2.8, 5.3) for each additional year residing in the U.S., after adjustment for prepregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and SES. Having ≥3 pieces of stuffed furniture in the home was associated with a 26.8% (95% CI = 2.0, 57.5) increase in women's serum PBDE levels. Findings suggest PBDE indoor contamination in California homes is contributing to human exposures in a population of recent immigrants.     

Fatty acid composition,oxidative stability,antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of selected cold-pressed grape seed oils and flours

Cold-pressed chardonnay, muscadine, ruby red, and concord grape seed oils and their defatted flours were studied for their fatty acid composition, oxidative stability and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. The phenolic profiles of the seed flours were also measured. The most abundant fatty acid in the oils was linoleic acid, ranging from 66.0 g/100 g of total fatty acids in ruby red seed oil to 75.3 g/100 g of total fatty acids in concord seed oil. The oils were also high in oleic acid and low in saturated fat. Ruby red grape seed oil recorded the highest oxidative stability index of 40 h under the accelerated conditions. Total phenolic content (TPC) was up to 100 times lower in the oils than in the flours. Lutein, zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol levels were also measured. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity ranged from 0.07 to 2.22 mmol trolox equivalents (TE)/g of oil and 11.8 to 15.0 mmol TE/g of flour. Oxidative stability of menhaden fish oil containing extracts of the seed flours was extended by up to 137%. HPLC analysis was conducted to determine the levels of free soluble, soluble conjugated and insoluble bound phenolics in the seed flours. The phenolic compounds analyzed included catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, quercetin, gallic acid, and procyanidins B1 and B2. Antiproliferative activity was tested against HT-29 colon cancer cells. All of the seed flours and muscadine seed oil registered significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of cancer cell growth. The results from this study demonstrate the potential of developing value-added uses for these seed oils and flours as dietary sources of natural antioxidants and antiproliferative agents for optimal health.