An experimental study was carried out on the ultrafiltration (UF) of protein-containing solutions under different conditions, as compared with a solution of a linear synthetic polymer. Three different fluidynamic regimes were investigated, namely, unstirred batch system, stirred batch system, and recirculating system. The results obtained substantially agree with the predictions of the gel polarization model. A significant effect of the electrolytes on the UF flux has been observed, which can be attributed to solute–solute interaction. The influence of different UF membranes has also been investigated. 相似文献
Summary: The success of the use of layered silicates in polymer nanocomposites, to improve physical and chemical properties is strictly related to a deeper knowledge of the mechanistic aspects on which the final features are grounded. This work shows the temperature induced structural rearrangements of nanocomposites based on poly[ethylene‐co‐(vinyl acetate)] (EVA) intercalated‐organomodified clay (at 3–30 wt.‐% silicate addition) which occur in the range between 75 and 350 °C. In situ high temperature X‐ray diffraction (HT‐XRD) studies have been performed under both nitrogen and air to monitor the modifications of the nanocomposite structure at increasing temperatures under inert/oxidative atmosphere. Heating between 75 and 225 °C, under nitrogen or air, causes the layered silicate to migrate towards the nanocomposite surface and to increase its interlayer distance. The degradation of both the clay organomodifier and the VA units of the EVA polymer seems to play a key role in driving the evolution of the silicate phase in the low temperature range. The structural modifications of the nanocomposites in the high temperature range (250–350 °C), depended on the atmosphere, either inert or oxidizing, in which the samples were heated. Heating under nitrogen led to deintercalation and thus a decrease of the silicate interlayer space, whereas exfoliation was the main process under air leading to an increase of the silicate interlayer space.
Heat induced structural modification of EVA‐clay nanocomposite under nitrogen and air. 相似文献
The thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are frequently described in terms of the Flory-Huggins equation. This equation includes a parameter χ, which depends upon the intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in a solution. The experimental determination of χ was performed by an improved microtechnique and extended to a wide range of polar and nonpolar diluents of polyethylene. Careful correlations are prescribed for calculating χ from pure-component properties; they are based on an extension of the Hildebrand-Scatchard theory of solutions and on the theory of intermolecular forces. Polar (τ) and nonpolar (δ) solubility parameters are presented for a variety of solvents. For polyethylene—nonpolar solvent systems we have emphasized the factor deciding the sign of heat of mixing, while for polyethylene-polar solvent systems we have determined the contribution of dipole-induced dipole interactions ψ (δτ) in interchange-energy density B and, hence, χ. 相似文献
Two germ-separation methods, dry-milling and density separation by flotation, were evaluated for recovering recombinant β-glucuronidase
(rGUS) that accumulated primarily in the germ of transgenic corn. The dry-milling process consisted of (i) seed tempering,
(ii) degerming with a horizontal-drum degermer/dehuller, (iii) particle size fractionation with standard sieves, (iv) germ
and endosperm separation by roller milling and sifting, and (v) removal of hulls by aspiration. Sieves nos. 5, 6, and 7 retained
the majority of germ, and subfractions from these sieves were pooled as a germ-rich fraction. Mass balances showed that the
germ-rich fraction, which constituted 17% of the total dry-milled corn weight, contained 49% of rGUS activity and 64% of the
total recoverable oil. Germ fractionation by flotation was tested as a proof-of-concept method aimed at separating corn fractions
based on their difference in specific gravity (sp gr). The process consisted of impact-grinding of corn kernels followed by
density separation using 1.15 or 1.3 specific gravity sodium nitrate solution. The oil-containing germ fraction floated, whereas
the heavier endosperm fraction sedimented. The flotation method was simpler and resulted in higher enzyme recovery, that is,
the germ-rich fraction was 20% (w/w) of the initial corn weight, and accounted for 80% of rGUS activity and 77% of total oil.
The sodium nitrate solution did not have an adverse effect on the enzyme activity. 相似文献
A novel process for the production of ceramic microtubes involving the microextrusion of preceramic polymers was studied. Microtubes with a wide range of inner and outer diameters and several centimeters long were produced from two silicone resins. A coextrusion approach was also used to extend the forming capability of the technique. The addition of carbon black resulted in electrically conductive silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramic microtubes. SiOC microtubes possessed a high bending strength, ranging from ∼30–1100 MPa. 相似文献
Diatomite, a natural silicate-based sedimentary rock, was densified by cold sintering at room temperature and 150°C under various pressures (100, 200, and 300 MPa) and using different NaOH water solutions (0–3 M). The relative density of cold sintered diatomite can be as high as 90%, a condition that can be achieved by conventional firing only at 1200–1300°C. The cold sintered materials maintain the same mineralogical composition of the starting powder (quartz, glass, and illite) and are constituted by well-deformed and flattened grains oriented orthogonally to the applied pressure. Conversely, an evident phase evolution takes place upon conventional firing with the formation of cristobalite and mullite. The bending strength of cold sintered artifacts can exceed 40 MPa and increases to ≈80 MPa after post-annealing at 800°C, such mechanical strength is much larger than that of conventionally pressed samples sintered at 800°C, which is only ≈1 MPa. 相似文献
Perovskite-type LaxLn1−x″CoO3 oxides are prepared by the thermal decomposition of LaxLn1−x″ [Co(CN)6] · nH2O hetero-nuclear complexes. Except for LaCoO3 (hexagonal), the structures observed for LaxSm1−xCoO3 are othorhombic. While the perovskite-type oxide HoCoO3 is not formed by decomposition at 1000°C of the corresponding hexacyano complex, the partial replacing of Ho with La is effective in forming the pervoskite-type oxide having an orthorhombic structure containing Ho even at 800°C. A monotonous correlation (quasi-linear relationship) was found between the b- and c-lattice constants of the orthorhombic structures of the perovskite-type oxides and the effective radii of Ln ions, defined as reff = xr1.a + (1 − x)r1.0″. The distortion parameter for the orthorhombie cell (3″a/b−1) increaseswith decrease in reff and is expected to be 0.270 for perovskite-type HoCoO3. The crystal structure of the LaxLn1−x″, CoO3 oxides is mainly controlled by the effective radii of Ln ions. 相似文献
We introduce a framework for the generation of polygonal gridshell architectural structures, whose topology is designed in order to excel in static performances. We start from the analysis of stress on the input surface and we use the resulting tensor field to induce an anisotropic nonEuclidean metric over it. This metric is derived by studying the relation between the stress tensor over a continuous shell and the optimal shape of polygons in a corresponding gridshell. Polygonal meshes with uniform density and isotropic cells under this metric exhibit variable density and anisotropy in Euclidean space, thus achieving a better distribution of the strain energy over their elements. Meshes are further optimized taking into account symmetry and regularity of cells to improve aesthetics. We experiment with quad meshes and hexdominant meshes, demonstrating that our gridshells achieve better static performances than stateoftheart gridshells. 相似文献
We study a number of variants of an abstract scheduling problem inspired by the scheduling of reclaimers in the stockyard of a coal export terminal. We analyze the complexity of each of the variants, providing complexity proofs for some and polynomial algorithms for others. For one, especially interesting variant, we also develop a constant factor approximation algorithm. 相似文献